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Matveev EY, Dontsova OS, Avdeeva VV, Kubasov AS, Zhdanov AP, Nikiforova SE, Goeva LV, Zhizhin KY, Malinina EA, Kuznetsov NT. Synthesis and Structures of Lead(II) Complexes with Substituted Derivatives of the Closo-Decaborate Anion with a Pendant N 3 Group. Molecules 2023; 28:8073. [PMID: 38138563 PMCID: PMC10746007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied lead(II) and cobalt(II) complexation of derivatives [2-B10H9O(CH2)2O(CH2)2N3]2- and [2-B10H9O(CH2)5N3]2- of the closo-decaborate anion containing pendant azido groups in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridyl. Mononuclear [PbL2{An}] and binuclear [Pb2L4(NO3)2{An}] lead complexes (where {An} is the N3-substituted boron cluster) were isolated and studied by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The mononuclear lead(II) complex [Pb(phen)2[B10H9O(CH2)2O(CH2)2N3] and the binuclear lead(II) complex [Pb2(phen)4(NO3)2[B10H9O(CH2)5)N3] were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In complex [Pb2(phen)4(NO3)2[B10H9O(CH2)5)N3], the boron cluster is coordinated by the metal atom only via the 3c2e MHB bonds. In complex [Pb(phen)2[B10H9O(CH2)2O(CH2)2N3], the coordination environment of the metal includes BH groups of the boron cluster and the oxygen atom of the exo-polyhedral substituent. When the reaction was performed in a CH3CN/water mixture, the binuclear lead(II) complex [(Pb(bipy)NO3)(Pb(bipy)2NO3)(B10H9O(CH2)2O(CH2)2N3)]·CH3CN·H2O was isolated, where the boron cluster acts as a bridging ligand between lead atoms coordinated by the boron cage via the O atoms of the substituent and/or the BH groups. In the course of cobalt(II) complexation, the starting compound (Ph4P)2[B10H9O(CH2)5N3] was isolated and its structure was also determined by X-ray diffraction. Although a number of lead(II) complexes with coordinated N3 are known from the literature, no complexes with the boron cluster coordinated by the pendant N3 group involved in the metal coordination have been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Yu. Matveev
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after M. V. Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (E.Y.M.); (O.S.D.); (K.Y.Z.)
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Olga S. Dontsova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after M. V. Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (E.Y.M.); (O.S.D.); (K.Y.Z.)
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Varvara V. Avdeeva
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Alexey S. Kubasov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Andrey P. Zhdanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Svetlana E. Nikiforova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Lyudmila V. Goeva
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Konstantin Yu. Zhizhin
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after M. V. Lomonosov, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (E.Y.M.); (O.S.D.); (K.Y.Z.)
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Elena A. Malinina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
| | - Nikolay T. Kuznetsov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.P.Z.); (S.E.N.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.M.); (N.T.K.)
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Lin C, Jin Y, Sun J, Ye Z, Chen T, Liu J, Duttwyler S. Regioselective B2-6 penta-iodination of the [CB 11H 12] - monocarborane cluster by palladium catalysis. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11042-11046. [PMID: 37540047 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Penta-iodination of the B2-6 positions of the {CB11} monocarborane cluster is reported. Products of the structure [2,3,4,5,6-I5-CB11H6-12-X]- (X = H, Me, Et, Ph, Br, I) were obtained and fully characterized. X-ray crystal structures of three new compounds confirm this particular substitution pattern. The synthetic method relies on palladium catalysis/B-H activation, assisted by the C1-COOH directing group. The one-pot procedure enables penta-iodination and subsequent decarboxylation under convenient conditions. The B2-6 regioselectivity is complementary to the commonly observed reactivity of {CB11} clusters, which follows the trend B12 > B7-11 > B2-6 for electrophilic substitution. Thus, for the first time upper-belt halogenation is achieved without prior modification of the lower-belt positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yujie Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jizeng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zehua Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Marforio TD, Mattioli EJ, Zerbetto F, Calvaresi M. Exploiting Blood Transport Proteins as Carborane Supramolecular Vehicles for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111770. [PMID: 37299673 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carboranes are promising agents for applications in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), but their hydrophobicity prevents their use in physiological environments. Here, by using reverse docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we identified blood transport proteins as candidate carriers of carboranes. Hemoglobin showed a higher binding affinity for carboranes than transthyretin and human serum albumin (HSA), which are well-known carborane-binding proteins. Myoglobin, ceruloplasmin, sex hormone-binding protein, lactoferrin, plasma retinol-binding protein, thyroxine-binding globulin, corticosteroid-binding globulin and afamin have a binding affinity comparable to transthyretin/HSA. The carborane@protein complexes are stable in water and characterized by favorable binding energy. The driving force in the carborane binding is represented by the formation of hydrophobic interactions with aliphatic amino acids and BH-π and CH-π interactions with aromatic amino acids. Dihydrogen bonds, classical hydrogen bonds and surfactant-like interactions also assist the binding. These results (i) identify the plasma proteins responsible for binding carborane upon their intravenous administration, and (ii) suggest an innovative formulation for carboranes based on the formation of a carborane@protein complex prior to the administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Ochi J, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Alternately π-Stacked Systems Assisted by o-Carborane: Dual Excimer Emission and Color Modulation by B cage -Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214397. [PMID: 36328979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the unique solid-state excimer emission of three types of acridine-tethered o-carboranes with variable degrees of methylation at the o-carborane unit. They all showed columnar packing structures based on dimer formation, and two types of π-overlapping motifs were alternately stacked. From the photoluminescence (PL) measurements on the crystalline samples, it was found that three types of luminescence bands can simultaneously appear: monomer emission, excimer emission from the moderately π-stacked intra-dimer unit, and excimer emission from the widely π-stacked inter-dimer unit. Consequently, the PL colors were drastically changed by the steric effect of the methyl groups, with a strong correlation found between the π-overlapping and excimer character. In addition, variable-temperature PL measurements revealed that these PL species should be in thermal equilibrium at room temperature, with the intensity ratios sensitive toward temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Ochi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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5
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Abstract
Synthesis, NMR spectral data and crystal structure of 9,12-dibromo derivative of ortho-carborane are reported.
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Aniés F, Qiao Z, Nugraha MI, Basu A, Anthopoulos TD, Gasparini N, Heeney M. N-type polymer semiconductors incorporating para, meta, and ortho-carborane in the conjugated backbone. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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7
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Yan J, Yao J, Hu Y, Huang D, Yao D, Wu F, Zhang Q, Yan Y. Immobilization of polyoxometalates via in-situ protonation and self-gelation of PEG-b-PDMAEMA-b-PTEPM triblock copolymer and its application in selective oxidation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taghizadeh MJ, Saadatinia A. Synthesis of a novel star-shaped polyethylene-co-polystyrene copolymer by using ATRP and click methods and investigation of its effects on mechanical thermal properties of epoxy resins. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Duttwyler S, Liu F, Chen T, Zhang K, Jiang T, Liu J. Sonogashira Coupling of the Ethynyl Monocarborane [CB11H11-12-CCH]–. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10880-10886. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Sonogashira cross coupling between the monocarborane cluster 12-ethynylmonocarba-closo-dodecaborate [CB11H11-12-CCH]– and bromoarenes under Pd catalysis has been developed, providing access to aryl carboranyl alkynes in yields of 42–95%. The transformations...
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Bernier NA, Teh J, Reichel D, Zahorsky-Reeves JL, Perez JM, Spokoyny AM. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Evaluation of Dodecaborate-Based Clusters Encapsulated in Ferumoxytol Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14500-14508. [PMID: 34843246 PMCID: PMC8761388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest interactions represent a growing research area with recent work demonstrating the ability to chemically manipulate both host molecules as well as guest molecules to vary the type and strength of bonding. Much less is known about the interactions of the guest molecules and hybrid materials containing similar chemical features to typical macrocyclic hosts. This work uses in vitro and in vivo kinetic analyses to investigate the interaction of closo-dodecahydrododecaborate derivatives with ferumoxytol, an iron oxide nanoparticle with a carboxylated dextran coating. We find that several boron cluster derivatives can become encapsulated into ferumoxytol, and the lack of pH dependence in these interactions suggests that ion pairing, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction, and hydrogen bonding are not the driving force for encapsulation in this system. Biodistribution experiments in BALB/c mice show that this system is nontoxic at the reported dosage and demonstrate that encapsulation of dodecaborate-based clusters in ferumoxytol can alter the biodistribution of the guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bernier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James Teh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Derek Reichel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Joanne L. Zahorsky-Reeves
- Division of Lab Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J. Manuel Perez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Corresponding Author:,
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Corresponding Author:,
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Bamford KL, Qu Z, Stephan DW. Reactions of B 2 (o-tolyl) 4 with Boranes: Assembly of the Pentaborane(9), HB[B(o-tolyl)(μ-H)] 4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8532-8536. [PMID: 33539608 PMCID: PMC8048642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the diborane(4) B2 (o-tolyl)4 and monohydridoboranes are shown to give B(o-tolyl)3 and (o-tolyl)BR2 (R2 =(C8 H14 ) 3, cat 4, pin 5, (C6 F5 )2 6) as the major products. The corresponding reaction with BH3 -sources gives complex mixtures, resulting from hydride/aryl exchange, dimerization and borane elimination. This led to the isolation of the first tetra-substituted pentaborane(9) HB[B(o-tolyl)(μ-H)]4 8. The reaction pathways are probed experimentally and by computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee L. Bamford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George St.TorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George St.TorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
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Srivastava R. Application of Optimization Algorithms in Clusters. Front Chem 2021; 9:637286. [PMID: 33777900 PMCID: PMC7994592 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.637286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural characterization of clusters or nanoparticles is essential to rationalize their size and composition-dependent properties. As experiments alone could not provide complete picture of cluster structures, so independent theoretical investigations are needed to find out a detail description of the geometric arrangement and corresponding properties of the clusters. The potential energy surfaces (PES) are explored to find several minima with an ultimate goal of locating the global minima (GM) for the clusters. Optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithm (GA), basin hopping method and its variants, self-consistent basin-to-deformed-basin mapping, heuristic algorithm combined with the surface and interior operators (HA-SIO), fast annealing evolutionary algorithm (FAEA), random tunneling algorithm (RTA), and dynamic lattice searching (DLS) have been developed to solve the geometrical isomers in pure elemental clusters. Various model or empirical potentials (EPs) as Lennard-Jones (LJ), Born-Mayer, Gupta, Sutton-Chen, and Murrell-Mottram potentials are used to describe the bonding in different type of clusters. Due to existence of a large number of homotops in nanoalloys, genetic algorithm, basin-hopping algorithm, modified adaptive immune optimization algorithm (AIOA), evolutionary algorithm (EA), kick method and Knowledge Led Master Code (KLMC) are also used. In this review the optimization algorithms, computational techniques and accuracy of results obtained by using these mechanisms for different types of clusters will be discussed.
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Bamford KL, Qu Z, Stephan DW. Reactions of B
2
(
o
‐tolyl)
4
with Boranes: Assembly of the Pentaborane(9), HB[B(
o
‐tolyl)(μ‐H)]
4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karlee L. Bamford
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
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Li X, Zhao X, Li X, Jia X, Chang F, Zhang H, Hu G. Rapid simultaneous removal of cationic dyes and Cr(VI) by boron cluster polyaniline with a target site. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7569-7572. [PMID: 34250998 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The stable physicochemical properties of polyaniline/closo-[B12H12]2- (PA/B12) obtained by an ion exchange technique combined with polyaniline (PA) and closo-[B12H12]2- (B12) can realize rapid kinetic adsorption and complete removal of Cr(vi) and cationic dye pollutants at low concentrations. The reversible adsorption/desorption process of pollutants represents that PA/B12 has practical industrial use value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, P. R. China. and College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Jia
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, P. R. China.
| | - Fengqin Chang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, P. R. China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, P. R. China.
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