1
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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Kimura S, Ochiai K, Kusamoto T. Spin-Correlated Luminescence of a Carbazole-Containing Diradical Emitter: Single-Molecule Magnetoluminescence and Thermally Activated Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18470-18483. [PMID: 38921686 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent radicals have been intensively studied as a new class of materials exhibiting novel photofunctions unique to open-shell systems. When luminescent radicals are assembled, intriguing spin-correlated luminescence phenomena emerge, including excimer-like emission and magnetic-field effects on luminescence (i.e., magnetoluminescence, MagLum). However, the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena arising from spin multiplicity and spin-dependent excited-state dynamics are poorly understood due to the limited number of luminescent polyradical systems available for study. In particular, the correlation between stronger intramolecular exchange interactions (|2J/kB| > ∼10 K, where J and kB are the intramolecular exchange coupling constant and the Boltzmann constant, respectively) and luminescence properties has not been fully explained. In this study, a novel carbazole-containing diradical emitter (1) and the corresponding monoradical (2) were prepared for the in-depth study of spin-correlated luminescence properties, with luminescence measurements under magnetic fields of up to 18 T. Diradical 1 has a negative 2J/kB value of several tens of kelvin and exhibits a single-molecule MagLum and thermally activated luminescence, whereas 2 does not. Detailed quantitative analyses revealed that both the spin-correlated luminescence properties of 1 are strongly dominated by ground-state spin statistics based on the Boltzmann distribution (i.e., 2J/kB values). Furthermore, diradical 1 exhibits external heavy-atom effects in heavy-atom-containing solvents such as iodobenzene, whereas monoradical 2 does not. This is the first experimental verification of external heavy-atom effects in polyradical emitters. This work demonstrates that polyradical emitters can be designed based on spin degrees of freedom in both ground and excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ochiai
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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2
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Shimizu D, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Matsuda K. Optically Distinguishable Electronic Spin-isomers of a Stable Organic Diradical. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:890-898. [PMID: 38680568 PMCID: PMC11046471 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a model of electronic spin isomers, the electronic counterpart of nuclear spin isomers, by using a stable organic diradical. The diradical, composed of two benzotriazinyl radicals connected by a rigid triptycene skeleton, exhibits a small singlet-triplet energy gap of -3.0 kJ/mol, indicating ca. 1:1 coexistence of the two spin states at room temperature. The diradical shows characteristic near-IR absorption bands, which are absent in the corresponding monoradical subunit. Variable temperature measurements revealed that the absorbance of the NIR band depends on the abundance of the singlet state, allowing us to identify the NIR band as the singlet-specific absorption band. It enables photoexcitation of one of the two spin states coexisting in thermal equilibrium. Transient absorption spectroscopy disclosed that the two spin states independently follow qualitatively different excited-state dynamics. These results demonstrate a novel approach to the design and study of electronic spin isomers based on organic diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced
Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced
Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto
University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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3
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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Mibu T, Kusamoto T. Luminescent Radicals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1034-1121. [PMID: 38230673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic radicals are attracting increasing interest as a new class of molecular emitters. They demonstrate electronic excitation and relaxation dynamics based on their doublet or higher multiplet spin states, which are different from those based on singlet-triplet manifolds of conventional closed-shell molecules. Recent studies have disclosed luminescence properties and excited state dynamics unique to radicals, such as highly efficient electron-photon conversion in OLEDs, NIR emission, magnetoluminescence, an absence of heavy atom effect, and spin-dependent and spin-selective dynamics. These are difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve with closed-shell luminophores. This review focuses on luminescent organic radicals as an emerging photofunctional molecular system, and introduces the material developments, fundamental properties including luminescence, and photofunctions. Materials covered in this review range from monoradicals, radical oligomers, and radical polymers to metal complexes with radical ligands demonstrating radical-involved emission. In addition to stable radicals, transiently formed radicals generated in situ by external stimuli are introduced. This review shows that luminescent organic radicals have great potential to expand the chemical and spin spaces of luminescent molecular materials and thus broaden their applicability to photofunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takuto Mibu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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4
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Yuan JW, Peng QC, Fu JC, Yang Q, Gao ZY, Wang ZY, Li K, Zang SQ, Tang BZ. Highly Efficient Stable Luminescent Radical-Based X-ray Scintillator. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38016919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Stable luminescent radicals are open-shell emitters with unique doublet emission characteristics. This feature makes stable luminescent radicals exhibit widespread application prospects in constructing optical, electrical, and magnetic materials. In this work, a stable luminescent radical-based X-ray scintillator of AuPP-1.0 was prepared, which exhibited a high X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) efficiency as well as excellent stability. A mechanism study showed that the heavy atom of Au in AuPP-1.0 endowed it with effective absorption of X-rays, and the doublet emission characteristics of AuPP-1.0 significantly increased its exciton utilization rate in the radioluminescence process. Moreover, AuPP-1.0 has good processability to fabricate a flexible screen for high-quality X-ray imaging, whose resolution can reach 20 LP mm-1. This work demonstrates that the doublet emission is beneficial for improving the exciton utilization rate of radioluminescence, providing a brand-new strategy for the construction of high-performance X-ray scintillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wang Yuan
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiu-Chen Peng
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jia-Cong Fu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zi-Ying Gao
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
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5
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Abdurahman A, Shen L, Wang J, Niu M, Li P, Peng Q, Wang J, Lu G. A highly efficient open-shell singlet luminescent diradical with strong magnetoluminescence properties. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:272. [PMID: 37963871 PMCID: PMC10645991 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing open-shell singlet (OS) diradicals with high luminescent properties and exceptional single-molecule magnetoluminescence (ML) performance is extremely challenging. Herein, we propose a concept to enhance luminescent efficiency by adjusting the donor conjugation of OS diradicals, thereby achieving a highly luminescent diradical, DR1, with outstanding stability and making it a viable option for use in the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). More importantly, the 0.5 wt%-DR1 doped film demonstrates significant single-molecule magnetoluminescence (ML) properties. A giant ML value of 210% is achieved at a magnetic field of 7 T, showing the great potential of DR1 in magneto-optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Meiling Niu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
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6
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Shi J, Xu W, Yu H, Wang X, Jin F, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Peng Q, Abdurahman A, Wang M. A Highly Luminescent Metallo-Supramolecular Radical Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24081-24088. [PMID: 37796113 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent metal-radicals have recently received increasing attention due to their unique properties and promising applications in materials science. However, the luminescence of metal-radicals tends to be quenched after formation of metallo-complexes. It is challenging to construct metal-radicals with highly luminescent properties. Herein, we report a highly luminescent metallo-supramolecular radical cage (LMRC) constructed by the assembly of a tritopic terpyridinyl ligand RL with tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical and Zn2+. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), traveling-wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS), X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) confirm the formation of a prism-like supramolecular radical cage. LMRC exhibits a remarkable photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 65%, which is 5 times that of RL; meanwhile, LMRC also shows high photostability. Notably, significant magnetoluminescence can be observed for the high-concentration LMRC (15 wt % doped in PMMA film); however, the magnetoluminescence of 0.1 wt % doped LMRC film vanishes, revealing negligible spin-spin interactions between two radical centers in LMRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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7
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Lu H, Ma J, Yang J, Hou H, Lu J, Wang JQ, Wang Y, Lin J. A ratiometric radio-photoluminescence dosimeter based on a radical excimer for X-ray detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12617-12620. [PMID: 37791606 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel radio-photoluminescence material featuring fluorochromic responses toward UV or X-ray irradiation has been obtained. Such a unique monomer- to excimer-based luminescence transition allows for dosimetry of ionizing radiation in a ratiometric manner. Rather than quenching the luminescence, the radiation-induced radical species of Th-105 boost the excimer emission, rendering it as a rare material possessing radical-excimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangjie Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jingqi Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Junpu Yang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, West Xianning Road, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Huiliang Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Lu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, West Xianning Road, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019 Jia Luo Road, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China.
| | - Yaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, West Xianning Road, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
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8
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Matsuoka R, Kimura S, Miura T, Ikoma T, Kusamoto T. Single-Molecule Magnetoluminescence from a Spatially Confined Persistent Diradical Emitter. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37311307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent radicals are an emerging class of materials that exhibit unique photofunctions not found in closed-shell molecules due to their open-shell electronic structure. Particularly promising are photofunctions in which radical's spin and luminescence are correlated; for example, when a magnetic field can affect luminescence (i.e., magnetoluminescence, ML). These photofunctions could be useful in the new science of spin photonics. However, previous observations of ML in radicals have been limited to systems in which radicals are randomly doped in host crystals or polymerized through metal complexation. This study shows that a covalently linked luminescent radical dimer (diradical) can exhibit ML as a single-molecular property. This facilitates detailed elucidation of the requirements for and mechanisms of ML in radicals and can aid the rational design of ML-active radicals based on synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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9
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Wen J, Xia Y, Ding S, Liu Y. Theoretical investigation of the Zn 2+ detection mechanism based on the quinoline derivative of the Schiff-base receptor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122123. [PMID: 36423505 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The sensing mechanism of the quinoline-derived Schiff base HL (concentrated from 8-hydroxyquinoline with 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde) as a highly selective fluorescent probe for Zn2+ was investigated by theoretical calculations with DFT and TDDFT. The conformations of the HL molecule, its ketone form and its Zinc complex structure, were optimized in the ground and excited states. The systems have been studied in depth in terms of structural parameters, frontier molecular orbitals, absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as potential energy curves analysis and approximately density gradient analysis. The present theoretical calculations propose a different detection mechanism from that proposed experimentally. The theoretical results predict that the fluorescence quenching in HL is attributed to the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) rather than the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) of benzene to electrons. When Zn2+ is introduced, Zn2+ takes the place of the H atom, creating a complex that blocks the ESIPT reaction and restores fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wen
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Yong Xia
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Sha Ding
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
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10
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Lu C, Cho E, Cui Z, Gao Y, Cao W, Brédas JL, Coropceanu V, Li F. Towards Efficient and Stable Donor-Acceptor Luminescent Radicals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208190. [PMID: 36417767 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to closed-shell luminescent molecules, the electronic ground state and lowest excited state in organic luminescent radicals are both spin doublet, which results in spin-allowed radiative transitions. Most reported luminescent radicals with high photoluminescent quantum efficiency (PLQE) have a donor-acceptor (D-A•) chemical structure where an electron-donating group is covalently attached to an electron-withdrawing radical core (A•). Understanding the main factors that define the efficiency and stability of D-A• type luminescent radicals remains challenging. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of tri(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical derivatives with donor substituents varying by their extent of conjugation and their number of imine-type nitrogen atoms. The experimental results suggest that the luminescence efficiency and stability of the radicals are proportional to the degree of conjugation but inversely proportional to the number of imine nitrogen atoms in the substituents. These experimental trends are very well reproduced by density functional theory calculations. The theoretical results indicate that both the luminescence efficiency and radical stability are related to the energy difference between the charge transfer (CT) and local-excitation (LE) states, which decreases as either the number of imine nitrogen atoms in the substituent increases or its conjugation length decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Eunkyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona College of Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona College of Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona College of Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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11
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Liu X, Wu M, Zeng R, Li G, Li Q, Li F, Yuan A, Shi C. Iridium(III) Complex Radical and Corresponding Ligand Radical Functionalized by a Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl Unit: Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20942-20948. [PMID: 36520067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organic radical luminescent materials with doublet excited state character based on tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, how they affect the phosphorescent iridium(III) complex characterized by the triplet excited state has not been studied yet. Herein, a new iridium(III) complex radical (Ir-TTM) and corresponding ligand radical (ppy-TTM) with a TTM unit have been designed and synthesized, and their radical properties were confirmed by the single crystal structure and EPR spectra. Notably, the ligand radical ppy-TTM shows an efficient red light emission, whereas the iridium complex radical Ir-TTM emits no light, which resulted from the intramolecular quenching effect of the TTM radical unit on the iridium luminescence center. DFT calculations demonstrate that the lowest doublet (D1) excited state of ppy-TTM shows an intramolecular charge transfer character from the 2-phenylpyridine moieties to the TTM unit, whereas the D1 of Ir-TTM exhibits a significant charge transfer character from the iridium luminescence center moieties to the TTM unit, which further explains the luminescence quenching mechanism of the phosphorescent iridium complex radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Ruoqi Zeng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
| | - Chao Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P. R. China
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12
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Hou L, Xu H, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen R, Zhang Z, Wang M. Impact of Polymer Rigidity on the Thermoresponsive Luminescence and Electron Spin Resonance of Polyester-Tethered Single Radicals. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liman Hou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Hongxue Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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13
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14
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Fluorescent Organic π‐Radicals Stabilized with Boron: Featuring a SOMO–LUMO Electronic Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201965. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Ito M, Shirai S, Xie Y, Kushida T, Ando N, Soutome H, Fujimoto KJ, Yanai T, Tabata K, Miyata Y, Kita H, Yamaguchi S. Fluorescent Organic π‐Radicals Stabilized with Boron: Featuring a SOMO–LUMO Electronic Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ito
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Science JAPAN
| | - Shusuke Shirai
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Science JAPAN
| | - Yongfa Xie
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Science JAPAN
| | | | - Naoki Ando
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Science JAPAN
| | - Hiroki Soutome
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Science JAPAN
| | - Kazuhiro J. Fujimoto
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules JAPAN
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules JAPAN
| | | | | | | | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Nagoya University Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Furo, Chikusa 464-8602 Nagoya JAPAN
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16
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Proton-induced Conversion from Non-Aufbau to Aufbau Electronic Structure of an Organic Radical with Turn-on Fluorescence. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Hattori Y, Tsubaki S, Matsuoka R, Kusamoto T, Nishihara H, Uchida K. Expansion of Photostable Luminescent Radicals by Meta-Substitution. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2538-2544. [PMID: 34270166 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated pyridyldiphenylmethyl radicals having substituents meta to the position bearing the carbon-centered radical (α-carbon) are synthesized. All of them are stable in ambient conditions in solutions and fluorescent in cyclohexane. The fluorescence of the radicals with bromo, phenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, or 2-pyridyl substituents are enhanced in chloroform, while the emission of the radicals with 2-thienyl or 2-furyl substituents are quenched in chloroform. DFT and TD-DFT calculations indicate that the first doublet excited states of the former are locally excited, while the first doublet excited states of the latter are charge transfer states from the π-electron-donating substituent to the accepting radical. The latter also show much higher photostability under 370-nm light irradiation compared with the first reported photostable fluorescent radical, (3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (PyBTM), with pronounced bathochromic shifts of the fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hattori
- Materials Chemistry Course, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsubaki
- Materials Chemistry Course, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Instite for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Instite for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kingo Uchida
- Materials Chemistry Course, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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18
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Kusamoto T, Kimura S. Photostable Luminescent Triarylmethyl Radicals and Their Metal Complexes: Photofunctions Unique to Open-shell Electronic States. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shun Kimura
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Matsuoka R, Kimura S, Kusamoto T. Solid‐State Room‐Temperature Near‐Infrared Photoluminescence of a Stable Organic Radical. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuoka
- Institute for Molecular Science 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Shonan Village Hayama 240-0193 Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shojiro Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Shonan Village Hayama 240-0193 Kanagawa Japan
- JST-PRESTO 4-1-8, Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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20
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Kimura S, Matsuoka R, Kimura S, Nishihara H, Kusamoto T. Radical-Based Coordination Polymers as a Platform for Magnetoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5610-5615. [PMID: 33826332 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spin-correlated electronic and magnetic properties of organic radicals have been developed, but luminescence properties, based on interplay with spins, have rarely been reported. The effect of magnetic fields on luminescence (i.e., magnetoluminescence) is a rare example of such properties, observed to date only in radicals dispersed in host matrices. We now report a novel method for achieving radical magnetoluminescence involving radical-based coordination polymers (CPs). The luminescence properties of the bis(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (bisPyTM) and tris(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)methyl (trisPyM) radicals and their 1D and 2D ZnII CPs were investigated. Although solid-state emissions of bisPyTM and trisPyM were not affected significantly by external magnetic fields at 4.2 K, those of CPs were greatly modulated. Studies of the crystal structures, magnetic properties, and the temperature-dependence and time-resolved properties of the magnetoluminescence indicate that the reduction of radical-radical interactions in CPs would be a key method for achieving magnetoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kimura
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Research Center for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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21
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Kimura S, Uejima M, Ota W, Sato T, Kusaka S, Matsuda R, Nishihara H, Kusamoto T. An Open-shell, Luminescent, Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymer with a Honeycomb Lattice and Triangular Organic Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4329-4338. [PMID: 33721501 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic radicals as building blocks is an effective approach to the production of open-shell coordination polymers (CPs). Two-dimensional (2D) CPs with honeycomb spin-lattices have attracted attention because of the unique electronic structures and physical properties afforded by their structural topology. However, radical-based CPs with honeycomb spin-lattices tend to have low chemical stability or poor crystallinity, and thus novel systems with high crystallinity and persistence are in strong demand. In this study, a novel triangular organic radical possessing three pyridyl groups, tris(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)methyl radical (trisPyM) was prepared. It exhibits luminescence, high photostability, and a coordination ability, allowing formation of defined and persistent 2D CPs. Optical measurements confirmed the luminescence of trisPyM both in solution and in the solid state, with emission wavelengths, λem, of 665 and 700 nm, respectively. trisPyM exhibits better chemical stability under photoirradiation than other luminescent radicals: the half-life of trisPyM in CH2Cl2 was 10 000 times that of the tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (TTM), a conventional luminescent radical. Complexation between trisPyM and ZnII(hfac)2 yielded a single crystal of a 2D CP trisZn, possessing a honeycomb lattice with graphene-like spin topology. The coordination structure of trisZn is stable under evacuation at 60 °C. Moreover, trisZn exhibits luminescence at 79 K, with λem = 695 nm, and is a rare example of a luminescent material among 2D radical-based CPs. Our results indicate that trisPyM may be a promising building block in the construction of a new class of 2D honeycomb CPs with novel properties, including luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kimura
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Uejima
- MOLFEX, Inc., Takano-Nishibiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Wataru Ota
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishibiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8246, Japan
| | - Tohru Sato
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishibiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8246, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Research Center for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, 240-0193, Kanagawa Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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