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Yi X, Rao AM, Zhou J, Lu B. Trimming the Degrees of Freedom via a K + Flux Rectifier for Safe and Long-Life Potassium-Ion Batteries. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:200. [PMID: 37596502 PMCID: PMC10439096 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
High degrees of freedom (DOF) for K+ movement in the electrolytes is desirable, because the resulting high ionic conductivity helps improve potassium-ion batteries, yet requiring support from highly free and flammable organic solvent molecules, seriously affecting battery safety. Here, we develop a K+ flux rectifier to trim K ion's DOF to 1 and improve electrochemical properties. Although the ionic conductivity is compromised in the K+ flux rectifier, the overall electrochemical performance of PIBs was improved. An oxidation stability improvement from 4.0 to 5.9 V was realized, and the formation of dendrites and the dissolution of organic cathodes were inhibited. Consequently, the K||K cells continuously cycled over 3,700 h; K||Cu cells operated stably over 800 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99%; and K||graphite cells exhibited high-capacity retention over 74.7% after 1,500 cycles. Moreover, the 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide organic cathodes operated for more than 2,100 cycles and reached year-scale-cycling time. We fabricated a 2.18 Ah pouch cell with no significant capacity fading observed after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Yi
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Apparao M Rao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingan Lu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
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Park J, Oh G, Kim UH, Alfaruqi MH, Xu X, Liu Y, Xiong S, Zikri AT, Sun YK, Kim J, Hwang JY. Regulating the Solvation Structure of Electrolyte via Dual-Salt Combination for Stable Potassium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301201. [PMID: 37068194 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Batteries using potassium metal (K-metal) anode are considered a new type of low-cost and high-energy storage device. However, the thermodynamic instability of the K-metal anode in organic electrolyte solutions causes uncontrolled dendritic growth and parasitic reactions, leading to rapid capacity loss and low Coulombic efficiency of K-metal batteries. Herein, an advanced electrolyte comprising 1 M potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) + 0.05 M potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6 ) dissolved in dimethoxyethane (DME) is introduced as a simple and effective strategy of regulated solvation chemistry, showing an enhanced interfacial stability of the K-metal anode. Incorporating 0.05 M KPF6 into the 1 M KFSI in DME electrolyte solution decreases the number of solvent molecules surrounding the K ion and simultaneously leads to facile K+ de-solvation. During the electrodeposition process, these unique features can lower the exchange current density between the electrolyte and K-metal anode, thereby improving the uniformity of K electrodeposition, as well as potentially suppressing dendritic growth. Even under a high current density of 4 mA cm-2 , the K-metal anode in 0.05 M KPF6 -containing electrolyte ensures high areal capacity and an unprecedented lifespan with stable Coulombic efficiency in both symmetrical half-cells and full-cells employing a sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 06407, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangeon Oh
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 06407, Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Hyuck Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 06407, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xieyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shizhao Xiong
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE 412 96, Sweden
| | - Adi Tiara Zikri
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kook Sun
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 06407, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekook Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 06407, Republic of Korea
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Jiang Y, Lu S, Jiang J, Li M, Liao Y, Xu Y, Huang S, Zhao B, Zhang J. Optimized Solid Electrolyte Interphase and Solvation Structure of Potassium Ions in Carbonate Electrolytes for High-Performance Potassium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300411. [PMID: 37029576 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of electrolyte additives is one of the most potential strategies to improve the performance of potassium metal batteries (PMBs). However, designing an additive that can alter the K+ solvation shell and essentially inhibit K dendrite remains a challenge. Herein, the amyl-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide was introduced as an additive to build a stable solid electrolyte interphase layer. The amyl-TPP cations can form a cation shielding layer on the metal surface during the nucleation stage, preventing K+ from gathering at the tip to form K dendrites. Besides, the cations can be preferentially reduced to form Kx Py with fast K+ transport kinetics. The Br- anions, as Lewis bases with strong electronegativity, can not only coordinate the Lewis acid pentafluoride to inhibit the formation of HF, but also change the K+ solvation structure to reduce solvent molecules in the first solvation structure. Therefore, the symmetrical battery exhibits a low deposition overpotential of 123 mV at 0.1 mA cm-2 over 4200 h cycle life. The full battery, paried with a perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) cathode, possesses a cycle life of 250 cycles at 2 C and 81.9% capacity retention. This work offers a reasonable electrolyte design to obtain PMBs with long-term stablity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shangying Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jinlong Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yalan Liao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shoushuang Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Ni L, Xu G, Li C, Cui G. Electrolyte formulation strategies for potassium-based batteries. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210239. [PMID: 37323885 PMCID: PMC10191034 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K)-based batteries are viewed as the most promising alternatives to lithium-based batteries, owing to their abundant potassium resource, lower redox potentials (-2.97 V vs. SHE), and low cost. Recently, significant achievements on electrode materials have boosted the development of potassium-based batteries. However, the poor interfacial compatibility between electrode and electrolyte hinders their practical. Hence, rational design of electrolyte/electrode interface by electrolytes is the key to develop K-based batteries. In this review, the principles for formulating organic electrolytes are comprehensively summarized. Then, recent progress of various liquid organic and solid-state K+ electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries and beyond are discussed. Finally, we offer the current challenges that need to be addressed for advanced K-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ni
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research InstituteQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Gaojie Xu
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research InstituteQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Chuanchuan Li
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research InstituteQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Guanglei Cui
- Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research InstituteQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
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Caracciolo L, Madec L, Gachot G, Martinez H. Impact of the Salt Anion on K Metal Reactivity in EC/DEC Studied Using GC and XPS Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57505-57513. [PMID: 34812611 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To develop K-ion batteries, the potassium metal reactivity in a half-cells must be understood. Here, it is shown first that the K metal leads to the migration of the electrode degradation species to the working electrode surface so that half-cells' solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) studies cannot be trusted. Then, the K metal reactivity was studied by combining gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry, GC/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis after storage in ethylene carbonate/diethylene carbonate (EC/DEC) wo/w 0.8 M KPF6 or KFSI. A comparison with Li stored in EC/DEC wo/w 0.8 M LiPF6 was also performed. Overall, full electrolyte degradation pathways were obtained. The results showed a similar alkali reactivity when stored in EC/DEC with the formation of a CH3CH2OCO2M-rich SEI. For a MPF6-based electrolyte, the reactivity was driven by the PF6- anion (i) forming mostly LiF (Li metal) or (ii) catalyzing the solvent degradation into (CH2CH2OCOOK)2 and CH3CH2OCOOK as main SEI products with additional C2H6 release (K metal). This highlights the higher reactivity of the K system. With KFSI, the reactivity was driven by the FSI- anion degradation, leading to an inorganic-rich SEI. These results thus explain the better electrochemical performance often reported in half-cells with KFSI compared to that with KPF6. Finally, the understanding of these chemically driven electrolyte degradation mechanisms should help researchers to design robust carbonate-based electrolyte formulations for KIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Caracciolo
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Lénaïc Madec
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64053 Pau, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Gachot
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- LRCS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue de Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Hervé Martinez
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64053 Pau, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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Xu W, Wang H, Hu J, Zhang H, Zhang B, Kang F, Zhai D. A highly concentrated electrolyte for high-efficiency potassium metal batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1034-1037. [PMID: 33409518 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a highly concentrated electrolyte consisting of 4 M potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME). This new electrolyte enables stable cycling of K metal anodes with a high CE (over 98% over 400 cycles), and excellent capacity retention (99.7% after 500 cycles) of K||potassium Prussian blue (KPB) batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Huwei Wang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Junyang Hu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China. and Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China. and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Graphene-Based Materials and Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials, Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dengyun Zhai
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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