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Zhou M, Tsien J, Dykstra R, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Merchant RR, Gutierrez O, Qin T. Alkyl sulfinates as cross-coupling partners for programmable and stereospecific installation of C(sp 3) bioisosteres. Nat Chem 2023; 15:550-559. [PMID: 36864142 PMCID: PMC10838399 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of cycloalkyl groups with quaternary carbons, in particular cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl trifluoromethyl groups, have emerged as promising bioisosteres in drug-like molecules. The modular installation of such bioisosteres remains challenging to synthetic chemists. Alkyl sulfinate reagents have been developed as radical precursors to prepare functionalized heterocycles with the desired alkyl bioisosteres. However, the innate (radical) reactivity of this transformation poses reactivity and regioselectivity challenges for the functionalization of any aromatic or heteroaromatic scaffold. Here we showcase the ability of alkyl sulfinates to engage in sulfurane-mediated C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling, thereby allowing for programmable and stereospecific installation of these alkyl bioisosteres. The ability of this method to simplify retrosynthetic analysis is exemplified by the improved synthesis of multiple medicinally relevant scaffolds. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations for the mechanism of this sulfur chemistry reveal a ligand-coupling trend under alkyl Grignard activation via the sulfurane intermediate, stabilized by solvation of tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Byron K Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Yoshida T, Honda Y, Morofuji T, Kano N. Transition-Metal-Free O-Arylation of Alcohols and Phenols with S-Arylphenothiaziniums. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7565-7573. [PMID: 35578794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the transition-metal-free O-arylation of alcohols and phenols with S-arylphenothiaziniums, which can be easily synthesized from boronic acids. Aryl substituents derived from arylboronic acids were selectively introduced into the hydroxy groups in alcohols and phenols, and a variety of aryl ethers were synthesized. This selectivity is supported by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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3
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Ma NN, Ren JA, Liu X, Chu XQ, Rao W, Shen ZL. Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Cross-Coupling of Aryl Sulfonium Salt with Aryl Bromide. Org Lett 2022; 24:1953-1957. [PMID: 35244408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The direct cross-couplings of aryl sulfonium salts with aryl halides could be achieved by using nickel as a reaction catalyst. The reactions proceeded efficiently via C-S bond activation in the presence of magnesium turnings and lithium chloride in THF at ambient temperature to afford the corresponding biaryls in moderate to good yields, potentially serving as an attractive alternative to conventional cross-coupling reactions employing preprepared organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Ma
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jing-Ao Ren
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Chu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weidong Rao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Shen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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4
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Yoshida T, Honda Y, Morofuji T, Kano N. N-Methylphenothiazine S-Oxide Enabled Oxidative C(sp 2)-C(sp 2) Coupling of Boronic Acids with Organolithiums via Phenothiaziniums. Org Lett 2021; 23:9664-9668. [PMID: 34878797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a transition-metal-free oxidative C(sp2)-C(sp2) coupling of readily available boronic acids and organolithiums via phenothiazinium ions. Various biaryl, styrene, and diene derivatives were obtained using this reaction system. The key to this process is N-methylphenothiazine S-oxide (PTZSO), which allows efficient conversion of boronic acids to phenothiazinium ions. The mechanism of phenothiazinium formation using PTZSO was investigated using theoretical calculations and experiments, which provided insight into the unique reactivity of PTZSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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5
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Jia H, Häring AP, Berger F, Zhang L, Ritter T. Trifluoromethyl Thianthrenium Triflate: A Readily Available Trifluoromethylating Reagent with Formal CF 3+, CF 3•, and CF 3- Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7623-7628. [PMID: 33985330 PMCID: PMC8297735 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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Here we report the
synthesis and application of trifluoromethyl
thianthrenium triflate (TT-CF3+OTf–) as a novel trifluoromethylating reagent, which is conveniently
accessible in a single step from thianthrene and triflic anhydride.
We demonstrate the use of TT-CF3+OTf– in electrophilic, radical, and nucleophilic trifluoromethylation
reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Andreas P Häring
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Li Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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