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Joly N, Colella A, Mendy ME, Mbaye MD, Gaillard S, Poater A, Renaud JL. Blue-Light Induced Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301472. [PMID: 38010264 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced iron-catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones with allylic and propargylic alcohols as pro-electrophiles is reported. The diaminocyclopentadienone iron tricarbonyl complex plays a dual role by harvesting light and facilitating dehydrogenation and reduction steps without the help of any exogenous photosensitizer. γ,δ-Unsaturated ketones can now be accessed through this borrowing hydrogen methodology at room temperature. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the steric hindrance on the δ-position of either the dienone or ene-ynone intermediate is the key feature to prevent or decrease the competitive 1,6-reduction (and consequently the formation of the saturated ketone) and to favor the synthesis of a set of non-conjugated enones and ynones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Joly
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000, Caen, France
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), University of Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Colella
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Monique-Edwige Mendy
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000, Caen, France
- Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor BP 523, Ziguinchor, Sénégal
| | | | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), University of Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Renaud
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000, Caen, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 75005, Paris, France
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2
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Nakabayashi K, Kitamura H, Fuse S. Microflow, Sequential Coupling and Cyclization Approach for Synthesis of Cyclic Phosphotriesters from PCl 3. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400256. [PMID: 38556466 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
An approach for the synthesis of cyclic phosphotriesters with various ring sizes (5- to 8-membered rings) from phosphorus trichloride and diols was developed. The major challenge in developing this approach is the suppression of the undesired reactions caused by substrates containing multiple highly reactive sites. These undesired reactions were successfully suppressed by microflow technology, which can precisely control the reaction time and temperature. Two optimal conditions were developed, depending on the speed of cyclization. Fifteen cyclic phosphotriesters and their analogs were synthesized. A plausible mechanism for suppressing undesired reactions is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nakabayashi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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3
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Smith LB, Armstrong RJ, Hou J, Smith E, Sze M, Sterling AJ, Smith A, Duarte F, Donohoe TJ. Redox Reorganization: Aluminium Promoted 1,5-Hydride Shifts Allow the Controlled Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307424. [PMID: 37358307 PMCID: PMC10953022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of cyclohexenes has been achieved from easily accessible tetrahydropyrans via a tandem 1,5-hydride shift-aldol condensation. We discovered that readily available aluminium reagents, e.g. Al2 O3 or Al(Ot Bu)3 are essential for this process, promoting the 1,5-hydride shift with complete regio- and enantiospecificity (in stark contrast to results obtained under basic conditions). The mild conditions, coupled with multiple methods available to access the tetrahydropyran starting materials makes this a versatile method with exceptional functional group tolerance. A wide range of cyclohexenes (>40 examples) have been prepared, many in enantiopure form, showing our ability to selectively install a substituent at each position around the newly forged cyclohexene ring. Experimental and computational studies revealed that aluminium serves a dual role in facilitating the hydride shift, activating both the alkoxide nucleophile and the electrophilic carbonyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B. Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Roly J. Armstrong
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNE1 7RUNewcastle Upon TyneUK
| | - Jingyan Hou
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Edward Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Ming Sze
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | | | - Alex Smith
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research CentreRG42 6EYBracknellBerkshireUK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
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Putta RR, Chun S, Lee SB, Hong J, Choi SH, Oh DC, Hong S. Chemoselective α-Alkylation and α-Olefination of Arylacetonitriles with Alcohols via Iron-Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen and Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16378-16389. [PMID: 36417466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
α-Alkyl and α-olefin nitriles are very important for organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. However, different types of catalysts are employed to achieve either α-alkylation of nitriles by borrowing hydrogen or α-olefination by dehydrogenative coupling methods. Designing and developing high-performance earth-abundant catalysts that can procure different products from the same starting materials remain a great challenge. Herein, we report an iron(0) catalyst system that achieves chemoselectivity between borrowing hydrogen and dehydrogenative coupling protocols by simply changing the base. A broad range of nitriles and alcohols, including benzylic, linear aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, and allylic alcohols, were selectively and efficiently converted to the corresponding products. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction mechanism proceeds through a dehydrogenative pathway. This iron catalytic protocol is environmentally benign and atom-efficient with the liberation of H2 and H2O as green byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandra Reddy Putta
- BK 21 Plus Project, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Simin Chun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Beom Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suckchang Hong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Abdallah MS, Joly N, Gaillard S, Poater A, Renaud JL. Blue-Light-Induced Iron-Catalyzed α-Alkylation of Ketones. Org Lett 2022; 24:5584-5589. [PMID: 35895992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a visible-light-induced iron-catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones. The photocatalytic system is based on the single diaminocyclopentadienone iron tricarbonyl complex. Two catalytic intermediates of this complex are able to harvest light, allowing the synthesis of substituted aromatic and aliphatic ketones at room temperature using the borrowing hydrogen strategy in the presence of various substituted primary alcohols as alkylating reagents. Preliminary mechanistic studies unveil the role of light for both the dehydrogenation and reduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Samira Abdallah
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France.,Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), University of Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), University of Girona, c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Renaud
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
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6
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Bains AK, Kundu A, Maiti D, Adhikari D. Ligand-redox assisted nickel catalysis toward stereoselective synthesis of ( n+1)-membered cycloalkanes from 1, n-diols with methyl ketones. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14217-14223. [PMID: 34760207 PMCID: PMC8565367 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-defined, bench-stable nickel catalyst is presented here, that can facilitate double alkylation of a methyl ketone to realize a wide variety of cycloalkanes. The performance of the catalyst depends on the ligand redox process comprising an azo-hydrazo couple. The source of the bis electrophile in this double alkylation is a 1,n-diol, so that (n+1)-membered cycloalkanes can be furnished in a stereoselective manner. The reaction follows a cascade of dehydrogenation/hydrogenation reactions and adopts a borrowing hydrogen (BH) method. A thorough mechanistic analysis including the interception of key radical intermediates and DFT calculations supports the ligand radical-mediated dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions, which is quite rare in BH chemistry. In particular, this radical-promoted hydrogenation is distinctly different from conventional hydrogenations involving a metal hydride and complementary to the ubiquitous two-electron driven dehydrogenation/hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen K Bains
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali SAS Nagar Punjab-140306 India
| | - Abhishek Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali SAS Nagar Punjab-140306 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai-400076 India
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali SAS Nagar Punjab-140306 India
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Bera S, Kabadwal LM, Banerjee D. Recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed (1, n) annulation using (de)-hydrogenative coupling with alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9807-9819. [PMID: 34486592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
(1,n) annulation reactions using (de)-hydrogenative coupling with alcohols or diols represent a straightforward technique for the synthesis of cyclic moieties. Utilization of such renewable resources for chemical transformations in a one-pot manner is the main focus, which avoids generation of stoichiometric waste. Application of such (1,n) annulation approaches drives the catalysis research in a more sustainable way and generates dihydrogen and water as by-products. This feature article highlights the recent (from 2015 to March 2021) progress in the synthesis of stereo-selective cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, saturated and unsaturated N-heterocycles (cyclic amine, imide, lactam, tetrahydro β-carboline, quinazoline, quinazolinone, 1,3,5-triazines etc.) and other N-heterocycles with the formation of multiple bonds in a one pot operation. Mechanistic studies, new catalytic approaches, and synthetic applications including drug synthesis and post-drug derivatization, scope, and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Akter M, Anbarasan P. (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes: Synthesis, Mechanism and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1703-1724. [PMID: 33999506 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(Cyclopentadienone)iron tricarbonyl complexes are catalytically active, inexpensive, easily accessible and air-stable that are extensively studied as an active pre-catalyst in homogeneous catalysis. Its versatile catalytic activity arises exclusively due to the presence of a non-innocent ligand, which can trigger its unique redox properties effectively. These complexes have been employed widely in (transfer)hydrogenation (e. g., reduction of polar multiple bonds, Oppenauer-type oxidation of alcohols), C-C and C-N bond formation (e. g., reductive aminations, α-alkylation of ketones) and other synthetic transformations. In this review, we discuss the remarkable advancement of its various synthetic applications along with synthesis and mechanistic studies, until February 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Akter
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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9
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Bettoni L, Joly N, Lohier J, Gaillard S, Poater A, Renaud J. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Alkylation: A Tandem Approach to the Synthesis of Nonsymmetric
N,N‐
Dialkyl Acyl Hydrazides with Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Bettoni
- Normandie Univ. LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Normandie Univ. LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) University of Girona c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Jean‐François Lohier
- Normandie Univ. LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie Univ. LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) University of Girona c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Jean‐Luc Renaud
- Normandie Univ. LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
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11
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Joly N, Bettoni L, Gaillard S, Poater A, Renaud JL. Phosphine-Free Ruthenium Complex-Catalyzed Synthesis of Mono- or Dialkylated Acyl Hydrazides via the Borrowing Hydrogen Strategy. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6813-6825. [PMID: 33878271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a diaminocyclopentadienone ruthenium tricarbonyl complex-catalyzed synthesis of mono- or dialkylated acyl hydrazide compounds using the borrowing hydrogen strategy in the presence of various substituted primary and secondary alcohols as alkylating reagents. Deuterium labeling experiments confirm that the alcohols were the hydride source in this cascade process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the origin and the threshold between the mono- and dialkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Joly
- LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Normandie Université, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France.,Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Léo Bettoni
- LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Normandie Université, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Normandie Université, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Renaud
- LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Normandie Université, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
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12
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Reed-Berendt B, Latham DE, Dambatta MB, Morrill LC. Borrowing Hydrogen for Organic Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:570-585. [PMID: 34056087 PMCID: PMC8155478 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Borrowing hydrogen is a process that is used to diversify the synthetic utility of commodity alcohols. A catalyst first oxidizes an alcohol by removing hydrogen to form a reactive carbonyl compound. This intermediate can undergo a diverse range of subsequent transformations before the catalyst returns the "borrowed" hydrogen to liberate the product and regenerate the catalyst. In this way, alcohols may be used as alkylating agents whereby the sole byproduct of this one-pot reaction is water. In recent decades, significant advances have been made in this area, demonstrating many effective methods to access valuable products. This outlook highlights the diversity of metal and biocatalysts that are available for this approach, as well as the various transformations that can be performed, focusing on a selection of the most significant and recent advances. By succinctly describing and conveying the versatility of borrowing hydrogen chemistry, we anticipate its uptake will increase across a wider scientific audience, expanding opportunities for further development.
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Frost JR, Cheong CB, Akhtar WM, Caputo DF, Christensen KE, Stevenson NG, Donohoe TJ. Hydrogen borrowing catalysis using 1° and 2° alcohols: Investigation and scope leading to α and β branched products. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li WZ, Wang ZX. Nickel-catalyzed coupling of R 2P(O)Me (R = aryl or alkoxy) with (hetero)arylmethyl alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2233-2242. [PMID: 33616130 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Alkylation of methyldiarylphosphine oxides with (hetero)arylmethyl alcohols was performed under nickel catalysis. Various arylmethyl and heteroarylmethyl alcohols can be used in this transformation. A series of methyldiarylphosphine oxides were alkylated with 30-90% yields. Functional groups on the aromatic rings of methyldiarylphosphine oxides or arylmethyl alcohols including OMe, NMe2, SMe, CF3, Cl, and F groups can be tolerated. The conditions are also suitable for the α-alkylation reaction of dialkyl methylphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ze Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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