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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Velazquez-Garcia JDJ. Structural Capture of η 1-OSO to η 2-(OS)O Coordination Isomerism in a New Ruthenium-Based SO 2-Linkage Photoisomer That Exhibits Single-Crystal Optical Actuation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:6047-6059. [PMID: 35573119 PMCID: PMC9098168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of a range of single-crystal optical actuators are feeding a new form of materials chemistry, given their broad range of potential applications, from light-induced molecular motors to light sensors and optical-memory media. A series of ruthenium-based coordination complexes that exhibit sulfur dioxide linkage photoisomerization is of particular interest because they exhibit single-crystal optical actuation via either optical switching or nano-optomechanical transduction processes. We report the discovery of a new complex in this series of chemicals, [Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(3-fluoropyridine)]tosylate2 (1), which forms an η1-OSO photoisomer with 70% photoconversion upon the application of 505 nm light. The uncoordinated oxygen atom in this η1-OSO photoisomer impinges on one of the arene rings in a neighboring tosylate counter ion of 1 just enough that incipient nano-optomechanical transduction is observed. The structure and optical properties of this actuator are characterized via in situ light-induced single-crystal X-ray diffraction (photocrystallography), single-crystal optical absorption spectroscopy and microscopy, as well as single-crystal Raman spectroscopy. These materials-characterization methods were also used to track thermally induced reverse isomerization processes in 1. One of these processes involves an η1-OSO to η2-(OS)O transition, which was found to proceed sufficiently slowly at 110 K that its structural mechanism could be determined via a time sequence of photocrystallography experiments. The resulting data allowed us to structurally capture the transition, which was shown to occur via a form of coordination isomerism. Our newfound knowledge about this structural mechanism will aid the molecular design of new [RuSO2] complexes with functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David J. Gosztola
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jose de J. Velazquez-Garcia
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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Jain A, Cole JM, Vázquez-Mayagoitia Á, Sternberg MG. Modeling dark- and light-induced crystal structures and single-crystal optical absorption spectra of ruthenium-based complexes that undergo SO 2-linkage photoisomerization. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234111. [PMID: 34937382 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of coordination complexes of the type [Ru(SO2)(NH3)4X]m+Yn - (m, n = 1 or 2) exhibit optical switching capabilities in their single-crystal states. This striking effect is caused by the light-induced formation of SO2-linkage photoisomers, which are metastable if kept at suitably cool temperatures. We modeled the dark- and light-induced states of these large crystalline complexes via plane-wave (PW)- and molecular-orbital (MO)-based density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT in order to calculate their structural and optical properties; the calculated results are compared with experimental data. We show that the PW-DFT-based periodic models replicate the structural properties of these complexes more effectively than the MO-DFT-based molecular-fragment models, observing only small deviations in key bond lengths relative to the experimentally derived crystal structures. The periodic models were also found to more effectively simulate trends seen in experimental optical absorption spectra, with optical absorbance and coverage of the visible region increasing with the formation of the photoinduced geometries. The contribution of the metastable photoisomeric species more heavily focuses on the lower-energy end of the spectra. Spectra generated from the molecular-fragment models are limited by the geometry of the fragment used and the number of excited-state roots considered in those calculations. In general, periodic models outperform the molecular-fragment models owing to their ability to better appreciate the periodic phenomena that are present in these crystalline materials as opposed to MO approaches, which are finite methods. We thus demonstrate that PW-DFT-based periodic models should be considered as a more than viable method for simulating the optical and electronic properties of these single-crystal optical switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorv Jain
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael G Sternberg
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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Thapa Magar R, Breen DJ, Schrage BR, Ziegler CJ, Rack JJ. Slow 3MLCT Formation Prior to Isomerization in Ruthenium Carbene Sulfoxide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16120-16127. [PMID: 34672621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of photochromic complexes with general formulas of [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-SR)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-S(O)R)]2+ were prepared and investigated by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy {where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and NHC-SR and NHC-S(O)R are chelating thioether (-SR) and chelating sulfoxide [-S(O)R] N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands}. The only differences between these complexes are the nature of the R group on the sulfur (Me vs Ph), the identity of the carbene (imidazole vs benzimidazole), and the number of linker atoms in the chelate (CH2 vs C2H4). A total of 13 structures are presented {four [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-SR)]2+ complexes, four [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-S(O)R)]2+ complexes, and five uncomplexed ligands}, and these reveal the expected coordination geometry as predicted from other spectroscopy data. The data do not provide insight into the photochemical reactivity of these compounds. These carbene ligands do impart stability with respect to ground state and excited state ligand substitution reactions. Bulk photolysis reveals that these complexes undergo efficient S → O isomerization, with quantum yields ranging from 0.24 to 0.87. The excited state reaction occurs with a time constant ranging from 570 ps to 1.9 ns. Electrochemical studies reveal an electron transfer-triggered isomerization, and voltammograms are consistent with an ECEC (electrochemical-chemical electrochemical-chemical) reaction mechanism. The carbene facilitates an unusually slow S → O isomerization and an unusally fast O → S isomerization. Temperature studies reveal a small and negative entropy of activation for the O → S isomerization, suggesting an associative transition state in which the sulfoxide simply slides along the S-O bond during isomerization. Ultrafast studies provide evidence of an active role of the carbene in the excited state dynamics of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Thapa Magar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, United States
| | - Douglas J Breen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, United States
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Knight Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Knight Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87111, United States
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Velazquez-Garcia JDJ. Nanooptomechanical Transduction in a Single Crystal with 100% Photoconversion. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:8907-8915. [PMID: 34084264 PMCID: PMC8162413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Materials that exhibit nanooptomechanical transduction in their single-crystal form have prospective use in light-driven molecular machinery, nanotechnology, and quantum computing. Linkage photoisomerization is typically the source of such transduction in coordination complexes, although the isomers tend to undergo only partial photoconversion. We present a nanooptomechanical transducer, trans-[Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(3-bromopyridine)]tosylate2, whose S-bound η1-SO2 isomer fully converts into an O-bound η1-OSO photoisomer that is metastable while kept at 100 K. Its 100% photoconversion is confirmed structurally via photocrystallography, while single-crystal optical absorption and Raman spectroscopies reveal its metal-to-ligand charge-transfer and temperature-dependent characteristics. This perfect optical switching affords the material good prospects for nanooptomechanical transduction with single-photon control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
- Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David J. Gosztola
- Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jose de J. Velazquez-Garcia
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Sylvester SO. Low-energy optical switching of SO 2 linkage isomerisation in single crystals of a ruthenium-based coordination complex. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13183-13192. [PMID: 35423860 PMCID: PMC8697492 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01696b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Single crystals that behave as optical switches are desirable for a wide range of applications, from optical sensors to read–write memory media. A series of ruthenium-based complexes that exhibit optical switching in their single-crystal form via SO2 linkage photoisomerisation are of prospective interest for these technologies. This study explores the optical switching behaviour in one such complex, trans-[Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(H2O)]tosylate2 (1), in terms of its dark and photoinduced crystal structure, as well as its light and thermal decay characteristics, which are deduced by photocrystallography, single-crystal optical absorption spectroscopy and microscopy. Photocrystallography results reveal that a photoisomerisation level of 21.5(5)% is achievable in 1. Biphasic photochromic crystals of 1 were generated by applying green and then red light to switch on and off the η2-(OS)O photoisomer in different regions of a crystal. Heat is a known alternative to its thermal decay, whereby a method is demonstrated that employs optical absorption spectra to determine its activation energy of 30 kJ mol−1. This low-energy barrier to optical switching agrees well with computational studies on 1, as well as being comparable to activation energies in ruthenium-based nitrosyl linkage photoisomers that also display solid-state optical switching. Single crystals that behave as optical switches are desirable for a wide range of applications, from optical sensors to read–write memory media.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | | | - Sven O. Sylvester
- Cavendish Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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