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Grillo A, Rusconi Y, D’Alterio MC, De Rosa C, Talarico G, Poater A. Ring Opening Polymerization of Six- and Eight-Membered Racemic Cyclic Esters for Biodegradable Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1647. [PMID: 38338928 PMCID: PMC10855523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The low percentage of recyclability of the polymeric materials obtained by olefin transition metal (TM) polymerization catalysis has increased the interest in their substitution with more eco-friendly materials with reliable physical and mechanical properties. Among the variety of known biodegradable polymers, linear aliphatic polyesters produced by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters occupy a prominent position. The polymer properties are highly dependent on the macromolecule microstructure, and the control of stereoselectivity is necessary for providing materials with precise and finely tuned properties. In this review, we aim to outline the main synthetic routes, the physical properties and also the applications of three commercially available biodegradable materials: Polylactic acid (PLA), Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB), all of three easily accessible via ROP. In this framework, understanding the origin of enantioselectivity and the factors that determine it is then crucial for the development of materials with suitable thermal and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Yolanda Rusconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Christian D’Alterio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.); (Y.R.); (M.C.D.); (C.D.R.); (G.T.)
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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2
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Rusconi Y, D’Alterio MC, De Rosa C, Lu Y, Severson SM, Coates GW, Talarico G. Mechanism of Alternating Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Formation by Polymerization of ( S)- and ( R)-3-Methyl Glycolide Using an Enantiopure Aluminum Complex. ACS Catal 2024; 14:318-323. [PMID: 38205026 PMCID: PMC10775139 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) of alternating PLGA synthesis by ring-opening polymerization of (S)- and (R)-3-methyl glycolide promoted by enantiopure aluminum complexes have been rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The high regioselectivity of the (S)-MeG polymerization is obtained by repetitive ring opening at the glycolyl site by the (R)-catalyst whereas a lower regioselectivity is predicted by the ROP of (R)-MeG. The behavior of the two monomers is rationalized by unveiling the active site fluxionality of the enantiopure catalyst, identifying the rate-limiting steps that encode a preference at the glycolyl site versus the lactyl site, and revealing selection of the opposite monomer enantioface. The microstructure of the PLGA copolymers is predicted by considering the influence of the configuration of the last inserted unit. The identification of the preferred mechanistic paths may allow for a targeted catalyst design to enhance control of the polymer microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Rusconi
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Yiye Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Sarah M. Severson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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3
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Xie X, Huo Z, Jang E, Tong R. Recent advances in enantioselective ring-opening polymerization and copolymerization. Commun Chem 2023; 6:202. [PMID: 37775528 PMCID: PMC10541874 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precisely controlling macromolecular stereochemistry and sequences is a powerful strategy for manipulating polymer properties. Controlled synthetic routes to prepare degradable polyester, polycarbonate, and polyether are of recent interest due to the need for sustainable materials as alternatives to petrochemical-based polyolefins. Enantioselective ring-opening polymerization and ring-opening copolymerization of racemic monomers offer access to stereoregular polymers, specifically enantiopure polymers that form stereocomplexes with improved physicochemical and mechanical properties. Here, we highlight the state-of-the-art of this polymerization chemistry that can produce microstructure-defined polymers. In particular, the structures and performances of various homogeneous enantioselective catalysts are presented. Trends and future challenges of such chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Ziyu Huo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Eungyo Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA.
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4
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Su RR, Ganta PK, Cheng CA, Hu YT, Chang YC, Chang CJ, Ding S, Chen HY, Wu KH. Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and L-lactide using ethyl salicylate-bearing zinc complexes as catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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5
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Ritacco I, Voccia M, Impemba S, Camellone MF, Milione S, Caporaso L. Electronic and Steric Effects on L‐Lactide Ring‐Opening Polymerization with NSSN‐type Zr(IV) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ritacco
- DCB, Department of Chemistry University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Maria Voccia
- CNR-ITAE, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Salvatore Impemba
- CNR-ICCOM Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici 50019 Firenze Italy
| | - Matteo Farnesi Camellone
- CNR-IOM Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Edificio Q2 Area Science Park Strada Statale 14 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Stefano Milione
- DCB, Department of Chemistry University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- DCB, Department of Chemistry University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
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Isoselective mechanism for asymmetric kinetic resolution polymerization of rac-lactide catalyzed by chiral tridentate bis(oxazolinylphenyl)amido ligand supported zinc complexes. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Romano E, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Unconventional Stereoerror Formation Mechanisms in Nonmetallocene Propene Polymerization Systems Revealed by DFT Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6203-6209. [PMID: 36054494 PMCID: PMC9483984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An unconventional
mechanism for the stereoerror formation in propene
polymerization catalyzed by C1-symmetric
salalen-M systems (M = Zr, Hf) is suggested by DFT calculations. While
propagation happens with the ligand in its fac-mer conformation, a change of ligand wrapping mode from fac-mer to fac-fac is the main source of the lower stereoselectivities
obtained with Zr and Hf. This is different for the Ti analogues, where
the ligand fac-mer wrapping mode
does not play a role. Activation strain analysis indicates that the
preference for a chain stationary mechanism of the Zr/Hf species is
due to the energy required to distort the reactants (ΔEStrain) rather than to their mutual interaction
(ΔEInt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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8
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Zinc and magnesium catalysts for the synthesis for PLA and its degradation: Clues for catalyst design. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rentero C, Damián J, Medel A, Fernández-Millán M, Rusconi Y, Talarico G, Cuenca T, Sessini V, Mosquera MEG. Ring-Opening Polymerization of L-Lactide Catalyzed by Potassium-Based Complexes: Mechanistic Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152982. [PMID: 35893946 PMCID: PMC9329769 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two non-toxic potassium compounds, 1 and 2, with a commercial oximate ligand have been prepared and fully spectroscopically characterized. Their activity as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) process of LLA has been studied, showing that they are extremely active and able to polymerize the monomer in a few minutes. For derivative 2, the presence of a crown ether in the potassium coordination sphere affects the nuclearity of the compound and consequently its solubility, with both aspects having an influence in the polymerization process. Detailed studies of the polymerization mechanism have been performed, and an unusual anionic mechanism was observed in absence of a co-initiator. Indeed, the monomer deprotonation generates a lactide enolate, which initiates the polymerization propagation. On the contrary, when a 1:1 ratio of cat:BnOH is used, a mixture of mechanisms is observed, the anionic mechanism and the activated monomer one, while from a cat:BnOH ratio of 1:2 and over, only the activated monomer mechanism is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rentero
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Jesús Damián
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Asier Medel
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - María Fernández-Millán
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Yolanda Rusconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80124 Napoli, Italy; (Y.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
| | - Valentina Sessini
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (M.E.G.M.)
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (J.D.); (A.M.); (M.F.-M.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (M.E.G.M.)
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D’Alterio MC, D’Auria I, Gaeta L, Tedesco C, Brenna S, Pellecchia C. Are Well Performing Catalysts for the Ring Opening Polymerization of l-Lactide under Mild Laboratory Conditions Suitable for the Industrial Process? The Case of New Highly Active Zn(II) Catalysts. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Christian D’Alterio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Ilaria D’Auria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Licia Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Consiglia Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
| | - Stefano Brenna
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy
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Hador R, Shuster M, Lipstman S, Kol M. Fast-Tracking the l-Lactide Polymerization Activity of Group 4 Metal Complexes of Amine Tris(phenolate) Ligands. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Hador
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Shuster
- R & D Department, Carmel Olefins Ltd., 3296261 Haifa Bay, Israel
| | - Sophia Lipstman
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Kol
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
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Jeong Y, Shin M, Seo M, Kim H. Ligand-Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of Heterotactic Polylactide with Titanium(IV) Complexes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeolib Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minjoong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KI for the nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Yang HQ, Chen ZX. Theoretical investigation on conversion of CO2 with epoxides to cyclic carbonates by bifunctional metal-salen complexes bearing ionic liquid substsituents. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Gong C, Li J, Yi C, Qu S. Catalytic Regulation of Oligomers in Polycaprolactone. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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