1
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Benin A, Kollar JI, Riesebeck T, Wurl F, Graiff C, Strassner T, Tubaro C. Synthesis and characterization of Pt(II) and Au(I) complexes with N-oxy-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NOHCs). Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9323-9329. [PMID: 38747257 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00996g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Two N-alkyloxy-N'-phenylimidazolium proligands and the corresponding platinum(II) cyclometalated N-alkyloxyimidazol-2-ylidene complexes with β-diketonate auxiliary ligands, [(CNOHC^C*)Pt(L∩L)] (L∩L = acetyacetonate (acac) or 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-propane-1,3-dionato (mesacac)) were synthesized and fully characterized. In addition, a Au(I) monocarbene complex was synthesized, isolated and characterized. Solid-state structures of two cyclometalated platinum(II) NOHC complexes and the Au(I) NOHC complex were obtained providing structural proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Benin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Joshua Immanuel Kollar
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tim Riesebeck
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Felix Wurl
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Cristina Tubaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Francescato G, Leitão MIPS, Orsini G, Petronilho A. Synthesis and Medicinal Applications of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Based on Caffeine and Other Xanthines. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400118. [PMID: 38668124 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Xanthines are purine derivatives predominantly found in plants. These include compounds such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine and exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties, demonstrating efficacy in treating neurodegenerative disorders, respiratory dysfunctions, and also cancer. The versatile attributes of these materials render them privileged scaffolds for the development of compounds for various biological applications. Xanthines are N-heterocyclic carbene precursors that combine a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring. Owing to their biological relevance, xanthines have been employed as N-heterocyclic carbenes in the development of metallodrugs for anticancer and antimicrobial purposes. In this conceptual review, we examine key examples of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes derived from caffeine and other xanthines, elucidating their synthetic methods and describing their pertinent medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Francescato
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês P S Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giulia Orsini
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Petronilho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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3
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Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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4
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Babula DJ, Charman RSC, Hobson JA, Mahon MF, Liptrot DJ. Dial-a-base mechanochemical synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene copper complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3990-3993. [PMID: 38372037 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00334a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Liquid assisted ball milling of [NHC]HBr (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) salts with copper(I) chloride, and a range of alkali metal complexes was shown to efficiently produce (NHC)CuX (NHC = normal or RE-NHC, X = halide, alkoxide, amide, alkyl, aryl; RE-NHC = ring-expanded NHC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid J Babula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Institute for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Rex S C Charman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Josie A Hobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - David J Liptrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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5
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Mahdavi SM, Bockfeld D, Büssing R, Karge B, Bannenberg T, Frank R, Brönstrup M, Ott I, Tamm M. Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes from the marine betaine 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-4-carboxylate. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1942-1946. [PMID: 38205632 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The marine natural product norzooanemonin (1,3-dimethylimidazolium-4-carboxylate) has been used to prepare a series of carboxyl- or carboxylate-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) complexes from [(Me2S)AuCl] in the presence of potassium carbonate. The potential of the resulting mono- and dicarbene complexes to act as cytotoxic or antibacterial drugs was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Mahbobeh Mahdavi
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Rolf Büssing
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Bannenberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - René Frank
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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6
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Nicholls TP, Jia Z, Chalker JM. Electrochemical Synthesis of Gold-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303161. [PMID: 37876029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthesis of gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (Au-NHC) complexes has been developed. The electrochemical methodology uses only imidazolium salts, gold metal electrodes, and electricity to produce these complexes with hydrogen gas as the only by-product. This high-yielding and operationally simple procedure has been used to produce eight mononuclear and three dinuclear Au-NHC complexes. The electrochemical procedure facilitates a clean reaction with no by-products. As such, Au-NHC complexes can be directly transferred to catalytic reactions without work-up or purification. The Au-NHC complexes were produced on-demand and tested as catalysts in a vinylcyclopropanation reaction. All mononuclear Au-NHC complexes performed similarly to or better than the isolated complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Nicholls
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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7
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Arabzadeh Nosratabad N, Jin Z, Arabzadeh H, Chen B, Huang C, Mattoussi H. Molar excess of coordinating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands triggers kinetic digestion of gold nanocrystals. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:467-483. [PMID: 38078852 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
There has been much interest in evaluating the strength of the coordination interactions between N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) molecules and transition metal ions, nanocolloids and surfaces. We implement a top-down core digestion test of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) triggered by incubation with a large molar excess of poly(ethylene glycol)-appended NHC molecules, where kinetic dislodging of surface atoms and formation of NHC-Au complexes progressively take place. We characterize the structure and chemical nature of the generated PEG-NHC-Au complexes using 1D and 2D 1H-13C NMR spectroscopy, supplemented with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. We further apply the same test using thiol-modified molecules and find that though etching can be measured the kinetics are substantially slower. We discuss our findings within the classic digestion of transition metal ores and colloids induced by interactions with sodium cyanide, which provides an insight into the strength of coordination between the strong σ-donating (soft Lewis base) NHC and Au surfaces (having a soft Lewis acid character), as compared to gold-to-gold covalent binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Arabzadeh Nosratabad
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Hesam Arabzadeh
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Banghao Chen
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Florida State University, Department of Scientific Computing, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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8
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Mazars F, Zaragoza G, Delaude L. The facile alkylation and iodination of imidazol(in)ium salts in the presence of cesium carbonate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14528-14531. [PMID: 37942885 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04971j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The alkylation or iodination of imidazol(in)ium salts takes place readily in the presence of Cs2CO3. The procedure is very easy to implement and provides facile and straightforward access to a wealth of C2-substituted azolium salts. Furthermore, a C2α alkylation is also feasible, which extends the chemistry of NHCs and weak bases to their NHO analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mazars
- Laboratory of Catalysis, MolSys Research Unit, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a), Allée du six Août 13, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Guillermo Zaragoza
- Unidade de Difracción de Raios X, RIAIDT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of Catalysis, MolSys Research Unit, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a), Allée du six Août 13, Liège 4000, Belgium.
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9
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Scattolin T, Tonon G, Botter E, Guillet SG, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Synthons in Organometallic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301961. [PMID: 37463071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in numerous research areas such as homogeneous (photo)catalysis, medicinal chemistry and materials science has prompted organometallic chemists to design gold-based synthons that permit access to target complexes through simple synthetic steps under mild conditions. In this review, the main gold-NHC synthons employed in organometallic synthesis are discussed. Mechanistic aspects involved in their synthesis and reactivity as well as applications of gold-NHC synthons as efficient pre-catalysts, antitumor agents and/or photo-emissive materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sebastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Pasyukov DV, Shevchenko MA, Astakhov AV, Minyaev ME, Zhang Y, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. New class of RSO 2-NHC ligands and Pd/RSO 2-NHC complexes with tailored electronic properties and high performance in catalytic C-C and C-N bonds formation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12067-12086. [PMID: 37581341 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolium salts have found ubiquitous applications as N-heterocyclic carbene precursors and metal nanoparticle stabilizers in catalysis and metallodrug research. Substituents directly attached to the imidazole ring can have a significant influence on the electronic, steric, and other properties of NHC-proligands as well as their metal complexes. In the present study, for the first time, a new type of Pd/NHC complex with the RSO2 group directly attached to the imidazol-2-ylidene ligand core was designed and synthesized. The electronic properties as well as structural features of the new ligands were evaluated by means of experimental and computational methods. Interestingly, the introduction of a 4-aryl(alkyl)sulfonyl group only slightly decreased the electron donation, but it significantly increased the π-acceptance and slightly enhanced the buried volume (%Vbur) of new imidazol-2-ylidenes. New Pd/NHC complexes were obtained through selective C(2)H-palladation of some of the synthesized 4-RSO2-functionalized imidazolium salts under mild conditions. Several complexes demonstrated good activity in the catalysis of model cross-coupling reactions, outperforming the activity of similar complexes with non-substituted NHC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Pasyukov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Maxim A Shevchenko
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander V Astakhov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail E Minyaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan Street, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Victor M Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Prosveschenya 132, 346428 Novocherkassk, Russian Federation.
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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11
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Martynova EA, Zuccarello M, Kronenberg D, Beliš M, Czapik A, Zhang Z, Van Hecke K, Kwit M, Baudoin O, Cavallo L, Nolan SP. Simple synthetic access to [Au(IBiox)Cl] complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7558-7563. [PMID: 37191083 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Green and sustainable access to chiral and achiral gold-IBiox complexes is reported. The gold complexes were synthesized using a simple, air-tolerant, weak base protocol carried out in a green solvent. Their catalytic activity was examined in the hydroamination of alkynes. The steric protection afforded the gold center by these ligands was quantified using the %Vbur model and compared with the most commonly encountered NHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marco Zuccarello
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Domenic Kronenberg
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Agnieszka Czapik
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marcin Kwit
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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A Second-Generation Palladacycle Architecture Bearing a N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Its Catalytic Behavior in Buchwald–Hartwig Amination Catalysis. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladacyclic architectures have been shown as versatile motifs in cross-coupling reactions. NHC-ligated palladacycles possessing unique electronic and steric properties have helped to stabilize the catalytically active species and provide additional control over reaction selectivity. Here, we report on a synthetic protocol leading to palladacycle complexes using a mild base and an environmentally desirable solvent, with a focus on complexes bearing backbone-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. The readily accessible complexes exhibit high catalytic activity in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination. This is achieved using low catalyst loading and mild reaction conditions in a green solvent.
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13
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Shahid N, Singh RK, Srivastava N, Singh AK. Base-free synthesis of benchtop stable Ru(III)-NHC complexes from RuCl 3·3H 2O and their use as precursors for Ru(II)-NHC complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4176-4185. [PMID: 36892246 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of Ru(III)-NHC complexes, identified as [RuIII(PyNHCR)(Cl)3(H2O)] (1a-c), have been prepared, starting from RuCl3·3H2O following a base-free route. The Lewis acidic Ru(III) centre operates via a halide-assisted, electrophilic C-H activation for carbene generation. The best results were obtained with azolium salts having the I- anion, while ligand precursors with Cl-, BF4-, and PF6- gave no complex formation and those with Br- gave a product with mixed halides. The structurally simple, air and moisture-stable complexes represent rare examples of paramagnetic Ru(III)-NHC complexes. Furthermore, these benchtop stable Ru(III)-NHC complexes were shown to be excellent metal precursors for the synthesis of new [RuII(PyNHCR)(Cl)2(PPh3)2] (2a-c) and [RuII(PyNHCR)(CNCMe)I]PF6 (3a-c) complexes. All the complexes have been characterised using spectroscopic methods, and the structures of 1a, 1b, 2c, and 3a have been determined using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. This work allows easy access to new Ru-NHC complexes for the study of new properties and novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Rahul Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Navdeep Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Amrendra K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
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14
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Khazipov OV, Pyatachenko AS, Pasyukov DV, Minyaev ME, Chernyshev VM. A pyridine promoted ‘weak base route’ to (NHC)2NiCl2 complexes with bulky N,N'-diaryl carbene ligands. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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15
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Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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16
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Shinozaki Y, Popov S, Plenio H. Fluorescent organometallic dyads and triads: establishing spatial relationships. Chem Sci 2023; 14:350-361. [PMID: 36687348 PMCID: PMC9811503 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET pairs involving up to three different Bodipy dyes are utilized to provide information on the assembly/disassembly of organometallic complexes. Azolium salts tagged with chemically robust and photostable blue or green or red fluorescent Bodipy, respectively, were synthesized and the azolium salts used to prepare metal complexes [(NHC_blue)ML], [(NHC_green)ML] and [(NHC_red)ML] (ML = Pd(allyl)Cl, IrCl(cod), RhCl(cod), AuCl, Au(NTf2), CuBr). The blue and the green Bodipy and the green and the red Bodipy, respectively, were designed to allow the formation of efficient FRET pairs with minimal cross-talk. Organometallic dyads formed from two subunits enable the transfer of excitation energy from the donor dye to the acceptor dye. The blue, green and red emission provide three information channels on the formation of complexes, which is demonstrated for alkyne or sulfur bridged digold species and for ion pairing of a red fluorescent cation and a green fluorescent anion. This approach is extended to probe an assembly of three different subunits. In such a triad, each component is tagged with either a blue, a green or a red Bodipy and the energy transfer blue →green → red proves the formation of the triad. The tagging of molecular components with robust fluorophores can be a general strategy in (organometallic) chemistry to establish connectivities for binuclear catalyst resting states and binuclear catalyst decomposition products in homogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Stepan Popov
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
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17
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Athira C, Sreenithya A, Hadad CM, Sunoj RB. Cooperative Asymmetric Dual Catalysis Involving a Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalyst and Palladium in an Annulation Reaction: Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Athira
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - A. Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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18
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Padunnappattu A, Duhayon C, César V, Canac Y. Bis( N-cyclopropenio)-imidazol-2-ylidene: An N-Heterocyclic Carbene Bearing Two N-Cationic Substituents. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Padunnappattu
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent César
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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19
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Popov S, Plenio H. Ligand Exchange Triggered Photosensitizers – Bodipy‐Tagged NHC‐Metal Complexes for Conversion of
3
O
2
to
1
O
2. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Popov
- Organometallic Chemistry Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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20
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Ibni Hashim I, Tzouras NV, Ma X, Bourda L, Van Hecke K, Nolan SP, Cazin CSJ. Improved synthetic routes to N-heterocyclic carbene-metal-diketonato complexes of gold and copper. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13246-13254. [PMID: 35979743 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In our search for simple synthetic routes to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-metal complexes and their derivatives, we herein report an operationally simple, expedient and scalable method to obtain the widely used NHC-metal-diketonates. The reported complexes are synthesized for the first time under mild, aerobic conditions and in excellent yields in a sustainable manner. The protocol is general with regards to the anionic co-ligand and the ancillary carbene ligands. The spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of the complexes reveal a bidentate binding mode of the diketonate ligand to copper while the gold-congener is C-bound. Finally, the reported Au complex was shown to be an efficient pre-catalyst for the hydrocarboxylation of alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ibni Hashim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laurens Bourda
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Martynova EA, Voloshkin VA, Guillet SG, Bru F, Beliš M, Van Hecke K, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis enabled by gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6852-6857. [PMID: 35774168 PMCID: PMC9200118 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00864e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the use of gold sensitizers [Au(SIPr)(Cbz)] (PhotAu 1) and [Au(IPr)(Cbz)] (PhotAu 2) as attractive alternatives to state-of-the-art iridium-based systems. These novel photocatalysts are deployed in [2 + 2] cycloadditions of diallyl ethers and N-tosylamides. The reactions proceed in short reaction times and in environmentally friendly solvents. [Au(SIPr)Cbz] and [Au(IPr)(Cbz)] have higher triplet energy (E T) values (66.6 and 66.3 kcal mol-1, respectively) compared to commonly used iridium photosensitizers. These E T values permit the use of these gold complexes as sensitizers enabling energy transfer catalysis involving unprotected indole derivatives, a substrate class previously inaccessible with state-of-the-art Ir photocatalysts. The photosynthesis of unprotected tetracyclic spiroindolines via intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition using our simple mononuclear gold sensitizer is readily achieved. Mechanistic studies support the involvement of triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTEnT) for both [2 + 2] photocycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Sébastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Francis Bru
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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22
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Maliszewski BP, Ritacco I, Beliš M, Hashim II, Tzouras NV, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Van Hecke K, Nahra F, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. A green route to platinum N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: mechanism and expanded scope. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6204-6211. [PMID: 35357386 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00504b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable and facile weak-base synthetic route to platinum N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes is disclosed. The mechanism of this reaction is also elucidated via experimental and computational investigations. This straightforward protocol is then used for the synthesis of novel Pt(II)-NHC complexes and its utility is further explored to access key Pt(0)-NHC precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benon P Maliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium. .,VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ida Ritacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Univeristy of Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, Fisciano, I-84084, Italy
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ishfaq Ibni Hashim
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Univeristy of Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, Fisciano, I-84084, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium. .,VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Scattolin T, Pessotto I, Cavarzerani E, Canzonieri V, Orian L, Demitri N, Schmidt C, Casini A, Bortolamiol E, Visentin F, Rizzolio F, Nolan SP. Indenyl and allyl palladate complexes bearing N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands: an easily accessible class of new anticancer drug candidates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari Via Torino 155 30037 Mestre ITALY
| | - Ilenia Pessotto
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi ITALY
| | - Enrico Cavarzerani
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi ITALY
| | | | - Laura Orian
- University of Padova: Universita degli Studi di Padova Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA elettra sincrotrone ITALY
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Munich University of Technology: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Angela Casini
- Munich University of Technology: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Enrica Bortolamiol
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi ITALY
| | - Fabiano Visentin
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi ITALY
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi ITALY
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24
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Cauwenbergh T, Scattolin T, Simoens A, Tzouras NV, Stevens CV, Nolan SP. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Sulfur‐ and Selenium−NHC Compounds (NHC=
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene). European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cauwenbergh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Andreas Simoens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Synthesis Biosources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC) Research Group Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Synthesis Biosources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC) Research Group Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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25
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Das S, Sinha S, Roymahapatra G, De GC, Giri S. Ligand effect on the stability, reactivity, and acidity of imidazolium systems. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Das
- School of Applied Science and Humanities Haldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex Haldia West Bengal India
- Department of Chemistry Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Cooch Behar West Bengal India
| | - Swapan Sinha
- School of Applied Science and Humanities Haldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex Haldia West Bengal India
| | - Gourisankar Roymahapatra
- School of Applied Science and Humanities Haldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex Haldia West Bengal India
| | - Gobinda Chandra De
- Department of Chemistry Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Cooch Behar West Bengal India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Science and Humanities Haldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex Haldia West Bengal India
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26
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Scattolin T, Lippmann P, Beliš M, Van Hecke K, Ottb I, Nolan SP. A simple synthetic entryway into (N‐heterocyclic carbene)gold‐steroidyl complexes and their anticancer activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Ingo Ottb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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27
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Pasyukov DV, Shevchenko MA, Shepelenko KE, Khazipov OV, Burykina JV, Gordeev EG, Minyaev ME, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. One‐Step Access to Heteroatom‐Functionalized Imidazol(in)ium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Pasyukov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) Prosveschenya 132 Novocherkassk 346428 Russia
| | - Maxim A. Shevchenko
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) Prosveschenya 132 Novocherkassk 346428 Russia
| | - Konstantin E. Shepelenko
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) Prosveschenya 132 Novocherkassk 346428 Russia
| | - Oleg V. Khazipov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) Prosveschenya 132 Novocherkassk 346428 Russia
| | - Julia V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Evgeniy G. Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Mikhail E. Minyaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Victor M. Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) Prosveschenya 132 Novocherkassk 346428 Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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28
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Kaps A, Foro S, Plenio H. Bi- and trimetallic complexes with macrocyclic xanthene-4,5-diNHC ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2464-2479. [PMID: 35048930 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three different types of bimetallic NHC-metal complexes were synthesized, whose NHC units are attached at the 4,5-positions of xanthene. The NHC units are in close proximity and are designed such that each carbene coordinates one ML unit, while the chelation of one metal by two NHC is not possible. Several xanthene-((NHC)ML)2 complexes with ML = RhCl(cod), IrCl(cod), RhCl(CO)2, IrCl(CO)2, AuCl, AgCl, CuCl and Pd(allyl)Cl were synthesized and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaps
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Sabine Foro
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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29
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Rafiee F, Abbaspour M, Mohammadi Ziarani G. Immobilization of vitamin B1 on the magnetic dialdehyde starch as an efficient carbene-type support for the copper complexation and its catalytic activity examination. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Zhang J, Li T, Li X, Zhang G, Fang S, Yan W, Li X, Yang X, Ma Y, Szostak M. Air-Stable, Well-Defined Palladium–BIAN–NHC Chloro Dimer: Fast-Activating, Highly Efficient Catalyst for Cross-Coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7404-7407. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization and reactivity of an air-stable, well-defined acenaphthoimidazolylidene palladium–BIAN–NHC chloro dimer complex, [Pd(BIAN–IPr)(μ-Cl)Cl]2. This rapidly activating catalyst merges the reactive properties of palladium chloro dimers, [Pd(NHC)(μ-Cl)Cl]2,...
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31
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Nolan SP, Martynova EA, Van Hecke K, Rizzolio F, Peng M, Cavarzenari E, Scattolin T. A simple synthetic entryway into new families of NHC-gold-amido complexes and their in vitro antitumor activity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3462-3471. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic pathway to Au-NHC amido complexes is reported. Syntheses and isolation of [Au(NHC)(NR1R2)] complexes, bearing various NHC ligands and NH-containing heterocycles under mild conditions are described. The in...
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32
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Pasyukov D, Shevchenko M, Shepelenko K, Khazipov O, Burykina J, Gordeev E, Minyaev M, Chernyshev V, Ananikov VP. One-Step Access to Heteroatom-Functionalized Imidazol(in)ium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116131. [PMID: 34963027 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolium salts have ubiquitous applications in energy research, catalysis, materials and medicinal sciences. Here, we report a new strategy for the synthesis of diverse heteroatom-functionalized imidazolium and imidazolinium salts from easily available 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes in one step. The strategy relies on a discovered family of unprecedented nucleophilic addition/cyclization reactions with trialkyl orthoformates and heteroatomic nucleophiles. To probe general areas of application, synthesized N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors were feasible for direct metallation to give functionalized M/carbene complexes (M = Pd, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au), which were isolated in individual form. The utility of chloromethyl function for the postmodification of the synthesized salts and Pd/carbene complexes was demonstrated. The obtained complexes and imidazolium salts demonstrated good activities in Pd- or Ni-catalyzed model cross-coupling and C-H activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Pasyukov
- Uzno-Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj politehniceskij universitet NPI imeni M I Platova, Chemistry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Maxim Shevchenko
- Uzno-Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj politehniceskij universitet NPI imeni M I Platova, Chemistry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Konstantin Shepelenko
- Uzno-Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj politehniceskij universitet NPI imeni M I Platova, Chemitry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Oleg Khazipov
- Uzno-Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj politehniceskij universitet NPI imeni M I Platova, Chemistry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Julia Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Catalysis, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Evgeniy Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Catalysis, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Mikhail Minyaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN, Catalysis, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Victor Chernyshev
- Uzno-Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj politehniceskij universitet NPI imeni M I Platova, Chemistry, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991, Moscow, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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33
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Synthesis, structure, and anticancer activity of four silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and one polymer containing quinolin-8-yl groups. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Mandal T, Yadav S, Choudhury J. Steric effect of NHC ligands in Pd(II)–NHC-catalyzed non-directed C–H acetoxylation of simple arenes. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Mikhaylov VN, Balova IA. Alternative Transformations of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of the Group 11 Metals in Transmetalation Reactions (A Review). RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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The direct C(sp2)-H functionalization and coupling of aromatic N-heterocycles with (hetero)aryl bromides by [PdX2(imidazolidin-2-ylidene)(Py)] catalysts. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Ma X, Guillet SG, Liu Y, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Simple synthesis of [Ru(CO 3)(NHC)( p-cymene)] complexes and their use in transfer hydrogenation catalysis. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13012-13019. [PMID: 34581364 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel, efficient and facile protocol for the synthesis of a series of [Ru(NHC)(CO3)(p-cymene)] complexes is reported. This family of Ru-NHC complexes was obtained from imidazol(in)ium tetrafluoroborate or imidazolium hydrogen carbonate salts in moderate to excellent yields, employing sustainable weak base. The ruthenium complexes were successfully utilized in the transfer hydrogenation of ketones as highly active multifunctional catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yaxu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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38
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Voloshkin VA, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Recent advances in the synthesis and derivatization of N-heterocyclic carbene metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12058-12068. [PMID: 34519733 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01847g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metal complexes have gained an incredible amount of attention in the course of the last two decades and have become indispensable as an intricate part of a plethora of applications. The areas of their synthesis and derivatization are constantly evolving and bring new, more sustainable, cost-effective and simpler approaches to the design of existing and next generation catalysts and materials. This article provides an overview of the latest developments, focusing on those which have appeared during the last two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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39
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Schwarz N, Sun X, Yadav R, Köppe R, Simler T, Roesky PW. Application of the Redox-Transmetalation Procedure to Access Divalent Lanthanide and Alkaline-Earth NHC Complexes*. Chemistry 2021; 27:12857-12865. [PMID: 34165229 PMCID: PMC8518399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Divalent lanthanide and alkaline-earth complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been accessed by redox-transmetalation between air-stable NHC-AgI complexes and the corresponding metals. By using the small ligand 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe), two series of isostructural complexes were obtained: the tetra-NHC complexes [LnI2 (IMe)4 ] (Ln=Eu and Sm) and the bis-NHC complexes [MI2 (IMe)2 (THF)2 ] (M=Yb, Ca and Sr). In the former, distortions in the NHC coordination were found to originate from intermolecular repulsions in the solid state. Application of the redox-transmetalation strategy with the bulkier 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) ligand yielded [SrI2 (IMes)(THF)3 ], while using a similar procedure with Ca metal led to [CaI2 (THF)4 ] and uncoordinated IMes. DFT calculations were performed to rationalise the selective formation of the bis-NHC adduct in [SrI2 (IMe)2 (THF)2 ] and the tetra-NHC adduct in [SmI2 (IMe)4 ]. Since the results in the gas phase point towards preferential formation of the tetra-NHC complexes for both metal centres, the differences between both arrangements are a result of solid-state effects such as slightly different packing forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Schwarz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM) CNRS, École PolytechniqueInstitut Polytechnique de Paris91120PalaiseauFrance
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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40
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Wang Z, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP, Bi X. Silver N-heterocyclic carbenes: emerging powerful catalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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41
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Cauwenbergh T, Tzouras NV, Scattolin T, Bhandary S, Simoens A, Van Hecke K, Stevens CV, Nolan SP. Continuous Flow Synthesis of [Au(NHC)(Aryl)] (NHC=N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:13342-13345. [PMID: 34323322 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of weak and inexpensive bases has recently opened promising perspectives towards the simpler and more sustainable synthesis of Au(I)-aryl complexes with valuable applications in catalysis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. In recent years, continuous manufacturing has shown to be a reliable partner in establishing sustainable and controlled process scalability. Herein, the first continuous flow synthesis of a range of Au(I)-aryl starting from widely available boronic acids and various [Au(NHC)Cl] (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes in unprecedentedly short reaction times and high yields is reported. Successful synthesis of previously non- or poorly accessible complexes exposed fascinating reactivity patterns. Via a gram-scale synthesis, convenient process scalability of the developed protocol was showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cauwenbergh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Simoens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Synthesis, Biosources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC) Research Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Synthesis, Biosources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC) Research Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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42
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Scattolin T, Voloshkin VA, Martynova E, Vanden Broeck SMP, Beliš M, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Synthesis and catalytic activity of palladium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and 1,4,7-triaza-9-phosphatricyclo[5.3.2.1]tridecane (CAP) ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9491-9499. [PMID: 34254628 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01716k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of novel palladium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and 1,4,7-triaza-9-phosphatricyclo[5.3.2.1]tridecane (CAP) are reported. These organometallic complexes can be easily obtained using two different synthetic strategies that involve either the substitution of the pyridine ligand from trans-[Pd(NHC)(Py)Cl2] or by simple addition of the CAP ligand to dimeric species [Pd(NHC)Cl2]2. The mixed NHC/CAP complexes were tested as pre-catalysts in the Buchwald-Hartwig aryl amination coupling, showing good catalytic activity, especially in the case of cis-[Pd(IPr)(CAP)Cl2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sofie M P Vanden Broeck
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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43
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Tzouras NV, Martynova EA, Ma X, Scattolin T, Hupp B, Busen H, Saab M, Zhang Z, Falivene L, Pisanò G, Van Hecke K, Cavallo L, Cazin CSJ, Steffen A, Nolan SP. Simple Synthetic Routes to Carbene-M-Amido (M=Cu, Ag, Au) Complexes for Luminescence and Photocatalysis Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:11904-11911. [PMID: 34038002 PMCID: PMC8456869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel and operationally simple synthetic routes to carbene‐metal‐amido (CMA) complexes of copper, silver and gold relevant for photonic applications are reported. A mild base and sustainable solvents allow all reactions to be conducted in air and at room temperature, leading to high yields of the targeted compounds even on multigram scales. The effect of various mild bases on the N−H metallation was studied in silico and experimentally, while a mechanochemical, solvent‐free synthetic approach was also developed. Our photophysical studies on [M(NHC)(Cbz)] (Cbz=carbazolyl) indicate that the occurrence of fluorescent or phosphorescent states is determined primarily by the metal, providing control over the excited state properties. Consequently, we demonstrate the potential of the new CMAs beyond luminescence applications by employing a selected CMA as a photocatalyst. The exemplified synthetic ease is expected to accelerate the applications of CMAs in photocatalysis and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hendrik Busen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gianmarco Pisanò
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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44
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Jónsson HF, Fiksdahl A, Harvie AJ. Rapid and mild synthesis of Au-NHC complexes in a simple two-phase flow reactor. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7969-7975. [PMID: 34075994 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple two-phase flow reactor which allows for the rapid synthesis of several Au(i)-NHC complexes in high yields (>88%), under mild conditions, and with minimal workup. Translation of the standard weak base method to a two-phase flow reaction prevents the common problem of decomposition to Au(0). The reaction can be scaled up more than ten-fold without loss in conversion efficiency. An optional second stage allows for direct synthesis of Au(iii)-NHC complexes, without isolation of the Au(i)-NHC intermediate, with a two-step isolated yield of 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Fiksdahl
- Department of Chemistry, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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45
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Safir Filho M, Scattolin T, Dao P, Tzouras NV, Benhida R, Saab M, Van Hecke K, Lippmann P, Martin AR, Ott I, Nolan SP. Straightforward synthetic route to gold(i)-thiolato glycoconjugate complexes bearing NHC ligands (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) and their promising anticancer activity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and eco-friendly route to gold–NHC complexes bearing different thiosugars is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281 (S-3)
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Pascal Dao
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- Université Côte d’Azur
- CNRS
- UMR7272
- Nice
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281 (S-3)
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- Université Côte d’Azur
- CNRS
- UMR7272
- Nice
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281 (S-3)
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281 (S-3)
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Beethovenstr. 55
- Braunschweig
- Germany
| | | | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Beethovenstr. 55
- Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Krijgslaan 281 (S-3)
- Ghent
- Belgium
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