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Lv Y, Li A, Ye J, Wang H, Hu P, Wang KW, Guo Y, Tang X, Dai S. Exploring the Facet-Dependent Structural Evolution of Pt/CeO 2 Catalysts Induced by Typical Pretreatments for CO Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43556-43564. [PMID: 39132739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Atomic-scale insights into the interactions between metals and supports play a crucial role in optimizing catalyst design, understanding catalytic mechanisms, and enhancing chemical conversion processes. The effects of oxide support on the dynamic behavior of supported metal species during pretreatments or reactions have been attracting a lot of attention; however, very less systematic integrations are carried out experimentally using real catalysts. In this study, we here utilized facet-controlled CeO2 as examples to explore their influence on the supported Pt species (1.0 wt %) during the reducing and oxidizing pretreatments that are typically applied in heterogeneous catalysts. By employing a combination of microscopy, spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations, it is demonstrated that the exposed crystal facets of CeO2 govern the evolution behavior of supported Pt species under different environmental conditions. This leads to distinct local coordinations and charge states of the Pt species, which directly influence the catalytic reactivity and can be leveraged to control the catalytic performance for CO oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Aoran Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Peijun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen's University of Belfast, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Kuan-Wen Wang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Yun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Li Z, Ni H, Wang P, Liu Z, Ao C, Zhang L, Wang Y. Evolution hydrothermal aging mechanism for Ag/CeO 2 catalysts in regeneration of catalytic diesel particulate filter with DFT calculation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27626-6. [PMID: 37231133 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to avoid the high cost of existing precious metal catalyst like Pt, Ag/CeO2 was the most promising catalysts for mobile source soot emission control technologies, but there was a clear trade-off between hydrothermal aging resistance and catalytic oxidation performance hindered the application of this catalyst. In order to reveal the hydrothermal aging mechanism of Ag/CeO2 catalysts, the TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) experiments were investigated to reveal the mechanism of Ag modification on catalytic activity of CeO2 catalyst between fresh and hydrothermal aging and were also characterized with the related characterization experiments to in-depth research the lattice morphology and valence changes. The degradation mechanism of Ag/CeO2 catalysts in vapor with high-temperature was also explained and demonstrated based on density functional and molecular thermodynamics theories. The experimental and simulation data showed that the catalytic activity of soot combustion within Ag/CeO2 decreased more significantly after hydrothermal aging than CeO2 due to the less agglomerated, which caused by the decreased in OII/OI and Ce3+/Ce4+ compared with CeO2. As shown in density function theory (DFT) calculation, the decreased surface energy and the increased oxygen vacancy formation energy of the low Mille index surface after Ag modification led to the instability structure and the high catalytic activity. Ag modification also increased the adsorption energy and Gibbs free energy of H2O on the low Miller index surface compared to CeO2, indicating that the desorption temperature of H2O molecules in (1 1 0) and (1 0 0) was higher than (1 1 1) in CeO2 and Ag/CeO2, which led to the migration of (1 1 1) crystal surfaces to (1 1 0) and (1 0 0) in the vapor environment. These conclusions can provide a valuable addition to the regenerative application of Ce-based catalysts in diesel exhaust aftertreatment system the aerial pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Hong Ni
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Riskj Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chengcheng Ao
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
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3
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Vecchietti J, Pérez-Bailac P, Lustemberg PG, Fornero EL, Pascual L, Bosco MV, Martínez-Arias A, Ganduglia-Pirovano MV, Bonivardi AL. Shape-Controlled Pathways in the Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming over Ceria Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10482-10498. [PMID: 36033370 PMCID: PMC9396663 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The ethanol surface reaction over CeO2 nanooctahedra
(NO) and nanocubes (NC), which mainly expose (111) and (100) surfaces,
respectively, was studied by means of infrared spectroscopy (TPSR-IR),
mass spectrometry (TPSR-MS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
TPSR-MS results show that the production of H2 is 2.4 times
higher on CeO2-NC than on CeO2-NO, which is
rationalized starting from the different types of adsorbed ethoxy
species controlled by the shape of the ceria particles. Over the CeO2(111) surface, monodentate type I and II ethoxy species with
the alkyl chain perpendicular or parallel to the surface, respectively,
were identified. Meanwhile, on the CeO2(100) surface, bidentate
and monodentate type III ethoxy species on the checkerboard O-terminated
surface and on a pyramid of the reconstructed (100) surface, respectively,
are found. The more labile surface ethoxy species on each ceria nanoshape,
which are the monodentate type I or III ethoxy on CeO2-NO
and CeO2-NC, respectively, react on the surface to give
acetate species that decompose to CO2 and CH4, while H2 is formed via the recombination of hydroxyl
species. In addition, the more stable monodentate type II and bidentate
ethoxy species on CeO2-NO and CeO2-NC, respectively,
give an ethylenedioxy intermediate, the binding of which is facet-dependent.
On the (111) facet, the less strongly bound ethylenedioxy desorbs
as ethylene, whereas on the (100) facet, the more strongly bound intermediate
also produces CO2 and H2 via formate species.
Thus, on the (100) facet, an additional pathway toward H2 formation is found. ESR activity measurements show an enhanced H2 production on the nanocubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vecchietti
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, UNL-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Pérez-Bailac
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- PhD Programme in Applied Chemistry, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomas y Valiente 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo G. Lustemberg
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física Rosario (IFIR), CONICET-UNR, Bv. 27 de Febrero 210bis, 2000EZP Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Esteban L. Fornero
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, UNL-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Pascual
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta V. Bosco
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, UNL-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Arturo Martínez-Arias
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Adrian L. Bonivardi
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, UNL-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Li F, Chen JF, Gong XQ, Hu P, Wang D. Subtle Structure Matters: The Vicinity of Surface Ti 5c Cations Alters the Photooxidation Behaviors of Anatase and Rutile TiO 2 under Aqueous Environments. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - P. Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Zhou H, Wu X, Gong X. Structural Shrinking and Rotation Decrease Quasi Surface Tension for Polar CeO
2
(100). ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xue‐Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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6
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Wang ZQ, Chu DR, Zhou H, Wu XP, Gong XQ. Role of Low-Coordinated Ce in Hydride Formation and Selective Hydrogenation Reactions on CeO2 Surfaces. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - De-Ren Chu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Co., Ltd., 345 Yunling Road(E), Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Xin‐Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Xue‐Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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8
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Xie J, Yang H, Dong Q, Qin Q, Hu C, Yu G. Oxygen-rich PdSnCu nanocrystals with particle connection features as enhanced catalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:325704. [PMID: 33862606 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf8dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most electrocatalysts show a high mass and special activity during the ethanol oxidation reaction, but those still suffer from limited stability, finite renewable capability and poor anti-poisoning durability. Furthermore, the reliable structure and appropriate composition of catalysts are fairly associated with the electrocatalysis performance. Herein, we report the development of trimetallic Pd61Sn34Cu5nanocrystals (NCs) whose rough surfaces are rich in step atoms and coupled with abundant of SnOxand CuO, which may effectively boost reaction activity and rapidly remove carbonaceous intermediate, respectively. Under the tuning on the composition, the defect rich Pd61Sn34Cu5NCs exhibit elevated electrocatalysis activity and durability for ethanol oxidation reaction with an optimized mass activity (1.26 AmgPd-1) and specific activity (10.6 mA cm-2), which is about 2.21 and 2.58 times greater than that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst (0.57 AmgPd-1and 4.1 mA cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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9
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Relationships between the activities and Ce3+ concentrations of CeO2(111) for CO oxidation: A first-principle investigation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Williams NJ, Seymour ID, Leah RT, Mukerjee S, Selby M, Skinner SJ. Theory of the electrostatic surface potential and intrinsic dipole moments at the mixed ionic electronic conductor (MIEC)-gas interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14569-14579. [PMID: 33988196 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The local activation overpotential describes the electrostatic potential shift away from equilibrium at an electrode/electrolyte interface. This electrostatic potential is not entirely satisfactory for describing the reaction kinetics of a mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) solid-oxide cell (SOC) electrode where charge transfer occurs at the electrode-gas interface. Using the theory of the electrostatic potential at the MIEC-gas interface as an electrochemical driving force, charge transfer at the ceria-gas interface has been modelled based on the intrinsic dipole potential of the adsorbate. This model gives a physically meaningful reason for the enhancement in electrochemical activity of a MIEC electrode as the steam and hydrogen pressure is increased in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes. This model was validated against operando XPS data from previous literature to accurately predict the outer work function shift of thin film Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 in a H2/H2O atmosphere as a function of overpotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Williams
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Ieuan D Seymour
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Robert T Leah
- Ceres Power Ltd, Viking House, Foundry Lane, Horsham, RH13 5PX, UK
| | | | - Mark Selby
- Ceres Power Ltd, Viking House, Foundry Lane, Horsham, RH13 5PX, UK
| | - Stephen J Skinner
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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