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Niu Y, Yu W, Yang S, Wan Q. Understanding the relationship between pore size, surface charge density, and Cu 2+ adsorption in mesoporous silica. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13521. [PMID: 38866864 PMCID: PMC11169565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This research delved into the influence of mesoporous silica's surface charge density on the adsorption of Cu2+. The synthesis of mesoporous silica employed the hydrothermal method, with pore size controlled by varying the length of trimethylammonium bromide (CnTAB, n = 12, 14, 16) chains. Gas adsorption techniques and transmission electron microscopy characterized the mesoporous silica structure. Surface charge densities of the mesoporous silica were determined through potentiometric titration, while surface hydroxyl densities were assessed using the thermogravimetric method. Subsequently, batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Cu2+ in mesoporous silica, and the process was comprehensively analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and L3 edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The research findings suggest a positive correlation between the pore size of mesoporous silica, its surface charge density, and the adsorption capacity for Cu2+. More specifically, as the pore size increases within the 3-4.1 nm range, the surface charge density and the adsorption capacity for Cu2+ also increase. Our findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the physicochemical properties of mesoporous silica and the adsorption behavior of Cu2+, offering potential applications in areas such as environmental remediation and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, 550018, China
| | - Wenbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Quan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang, 550081, China.
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2
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Shen P, Pan S, Huang X, Zhang X. Nanoconfinement boosts affinity of hydrated zirconium oxides to arsenate: Surface complexation modeling study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140912. [PMID: 38065259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale hydrated zirconium oxide (HZO) holds great potential in groundwater purification due to its ability to form inner-sphere coordination with arsenate. Despite being frequently used, especially as encapsulations in host materials for practical application in water treatment, the adsorption mechanisms of solutes on HZO are not appropriately explored, in particular for arsenate adsorption. In this study, we investigated the Zr-As coordination configuration and identified the most credible Zr-As configuration using surface complexation modeling (SCM), XPS and FT-IR analysis. The corresponding intrinsic coordination constants (Kintr) values was calculated by SCM, and the nanoconfinement effects were distinguished by comparing bare HZO with the HZO nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated inside the strongly basic anion exchanger D201. Potentiometric titration suggests that the surface Zirconium hydroxyl groups (≡ZrOH) mainly exist in protonated form (≡ZrOH2+). Batch adsorption experiments demonstrate that the D201 hosts could adsorb As(V) through ion exchange by the quaternary ammonium groups under the low ionic strength (≤0.01 M NaNO3) and at pH > 6. The nanocomposite (HZO@D201) exhibits a higher adsorption capacity in a wide range of pH (3-10) and ionic strength (0.001-0.1 M NaNO3) than bare HZO. SCM simulations reveal that the coordination configuration of diprotonated monodentate mononuclear (MM-H2) dominates at pH 3-6, while deprotonated bidentate binuclear (BB-H0) dominates at pH > 7. For each configuration, the intrinsic coordination constants (Kintr) of HZO@D201 (10-0.66 and 10-16.10, respectively) are significantly higher than those of bare HZO (10-12.24 and 10-44.42, respectively), indicating a superior chemical bonding affinity caused by nanoconfinement. The obtained Kintr values are used to predict arsenate adsorption isotherms in pH 3 and 9, and the results align with the SCM simulation outcomes. This study may offer a feasible method for investigating the nanoconfinement effect of emerging nanocomposite adsorbents from a thermodynamic perspective, and provide reference coordination equilibrium constants of HZO for research and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Siyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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3
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Nazemzadeh N, Miranda CR, Liang Y, Andersson MP. First-Principles Prediction of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticle Surface Charge: Effect of Size, pH, and Ionic Strength. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9608-9619. [PMID: 37906160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of surface charge properties of silica nanoparticles is essential for several applications. To determine these properties, many experimental and theoretical methods have been introduced, which are time-consuming and/or challenging to use. In this study, a first-principles approach is developed to determine the surface charge properties of amorphous silica nanoparticles against the nanoparticle size, pH, and ionic strength without relying on experimental data. An amorphous silica nanoparticle of 1.34 nm diameter is simulated by using integrated molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods. A detailed analysis of the nanoparticle structure is provided by analyzing the types of silanol groups on the surface. Moreover, a model is developed to estimate the probability distribution of the surface silanol groups based on the nearest neighbor distances and the diameter of the nanoparticle to determine the number of surface silanols on larger nanoparticles. Thereafter, a computational chemistry approach is used to calculate the acid dissociation constants of the corresponding deprotonation reactions. The calculated constants and the point of zero charge value are in excellent agreement with experiments. The surface charge properties of the nanoparticle with various diameters are then estimated by using a mean-field model at different pH and ionic strength values. The results of the developed model are compared to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation as a reference model. The developed model predictions agree well with the reference model for low and mid-electrolyte concentrations (1 and 10 mM) and small nanoparticles (smaller than 100 nm). However, the developed model seems to qualitatively predict the surface charge properties more accurately than the Poisson-Boltzmann model for high electrolyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Nazemzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 228A, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Caetano R Miranda
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 66318, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Martin P Andersson
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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4
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Selmani A, Siboulet B, Špadina M, Foucaud Y, Dražić G, Radatović B, Korade K, Nemet I, Kovačević D, Dufrêche JF, Bohinc K. Cation Adsorption in TiO 2 Nanotubes: Implication for Water Decontamination. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:12711-12725. [PMID: 37533543 PMCID: PMC10391741 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanotubes constitute very promising nanomaterials for water decontamination by the removal of cations. We combined a range of experimental techniques from structural analyses to measurements of the properties of aqueous suspensions of nanotubes, with (i) continuous solvent modeling and (ii) quantum DFT-based simulations to assess the adsorption of Cs+ on TiO2 nanotubes and to predict the separation of metal ions. The methodology is set to be operable under realistic conditions, which, in this case, include the presence of CO2 that needs to be treated as a substantial contaminant, both in experiments and in models. The mesoscopic model, based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and surface adsorption equilibrium, predicts that H+ ions are the charge-determining species, while Cs+ ions are in the diffuse layer of the outer surface with a significant contribution only at high concentrations and high pH. The effect of the size of nanotubes in terms of the polydispersity and the distribution of the inner and outer radii is shown to be a third-order effect that is very small when the nanotube layer is not very thick (ranging from 1 to 2 nm). Besides, DFT-based molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that, for protonation, the one-site and successive association assumption is correct, while, for Cs+ adsorption, the size of the cation is important and the adsorption sites should be carefully defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiđa Selmani
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković
Institute, Bijenička
Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Pharmaceutical
Technology & Biopharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bertrand Siboulet
- ICSM,
Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France
| | - Mario Špadina
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković
Institute, Bijenička
Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yann Foucaud
- ICSM,
Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France
| | - Goran Dražić
- Laboratory
for Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Karla Korade
- Faculty of
Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Nemet
- Faculty of
Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Kovačević
- Faculty of
Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Klemen Bohinc
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Xu J, Cheng J, Yang J, Tao H, Wang S, Lv W, Ma K, Lian C, Liu H. The charge regulation of surfactants on the rock surface in nanoconfinement: A reaction-coupling fluid density functional theory study. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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6
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Liang L, Qin F, Wang S, Wu J, Li R, Wang Z, Ren M, Liu D, Wang D, Astruc D. Overview of the materials design and sensing strategies of nanopore devices. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Yamaguchi A, Ishii A, Kamijo T. Influence of ionic strength and temperature on adsorption of tetrakis-N-methylpyridyl porphyrin onto mesoporous silica. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Kumar S, Cats P, Alotaibi MB, Ayirala SC, Yousef AA, van Roij R, Siretanu I, Mugele F. Absence of anomalous underscreening in highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes confined between smooth silica surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:819-827. [PMID: 35561602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent surface forces apparatus experiments that measured the forces between two mica surfaces and a series of subsequent theoretical studies suggest the occurrence of universal underscreening in highly concentrated electrolyte solutions. We performed a set of systematic Atomic Force Spectroscopy measurements for aqueous salt solutions in a concentration range from 1 mM to 5 M using chloride salts of various alkali metals as well as mixed concentrated salt solutions (involving both mono- and divalent cations and anions), that mimic concentrated brines typically encountered in geological formations. Experiments were carried out using flat substrates and submicrometer-sized colloidal probes made of smooth oxidized silicon immersed in salt solutions at pH values of 6 and 9 and temperatures of 25 °C and 45 °C. While strong repulsive forces were observed for the smallest tip-sample separations, none of the conditions explored displayed any indication of anomalous long range electrostatic forces as reported for mica surfaces. Instead, forces are universally dominated by attractive van der Waals interactions at tip-sample separations of ≈2 nm and beyond for salt concentrations of 1 M and higher. Complementary calculations based on classical density functional theory for the primitive model support these experimental observations and display a consistent decrease in screening length with increasing ion concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kumar
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Cats
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammed B Alotaibi
- The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC), Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhash C Ayirala
- The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC), Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Yousef
- The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC), Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - René van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Siretanu
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
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9
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Murota K, Saito T. Pore size effects on surface charges and interfacial electrostatics of mesoporous silicas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18073-18082. [PMID: 35876621 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water in confinement becomes more structured than bulk water, and its properties, such as the dielectric constant, change. It remains unclear, however, how the interfacial reactions in confinement, such as the adsorption of ions on the surfaces of small pores, differ from those in larger spaces. We focused on the deprotonation reaction of hydroxyl groups, a fundamental surface reaction, and investigated the dependence of the surface charge density on pore size by determining the surface charge densities of six types of mesoporous silicas with micropores and mesopores at different ionic strengths and pH levels from batch titration tests. The surface complexation model assuming a potential distribution based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation in cylindrical coordinates was fitted to the obtained surface charge densities to relate the electrostatics near the surface to the surface reaction. The results showed that the absolute values of the surface charge densities decreased with decreasing pore diameter due to the overlap of the electrical double layers. Furthermore, the capacitance of the Stern layer optimized by fitting decreased with decreasing pore diameter, especially in pores smaller than 4 nm in diameter, which suggested that the dielectric constants of water decreased near the surfaces of small pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Murota
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. .,Regulatory Standard and Research Department, Secretariat of Nuclear Regulation Authority, 1-9-9 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8450, Japan
| | - Takumi Saito
- Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1188, Japan
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10
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Long T, Wu H, Qiao C, Bao B, Zhao S, Liu H. Nonnegligible nano-confinement effect on solvent-mediated interactions between nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Ye Z, Yang J, Su H, Lian C, Shang Y, Liu H. Flow effects on the surface properties of surfactant foam films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26761-26767. [PMID: 34846391 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The surface electrostatic properties of liquid foam, involving the electrokinetic (EK) phenomena in the liquid-gas interface, have significant effects on the stability of the foam. Here, we established a theoretical model for ion transport in liquid films by combining the liquid flow and surface reaction. We found that the surface electrostatic properties of liquid foams were influenced unexpectedly by the pressure-induced flow. The liquid flow will induce the potential and concentration differences in the flow direction. When the pressure drop increases to a certain high value, the induced potential and salt concentration difference increases, leading to the change of the surface electrostatic properties such as zeta potential and the surface charge density. This change shows that the surface electrostatic properties of foam films depend on the coupling of various factors including ion distribution and pressure drop, which deepens our understanding of the electrostatic properties of the foam films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Haiping Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Lian
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yazhuo Shang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Honglai Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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12
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Li Y, Du N, Song S, Hou W. Size-dependent dissociation of surface hydroxyl groups of silica in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Gallegos A, Wu J. Molecular thermodynamics for amino‐acid adsorption at inorganic surfaces. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallegos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California Riverside California USA
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California Riverside California USA
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14
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Gama MDS, Barreto AG, Tavares FW. The binding interaction of protein on a charged surface using Poisson–Boltzmann equation: lysozyme adsorption onto SBA-15. ADSORPTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-021-00344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Jarmolińska S, Feliczak-Guzik A, Nowak I. Synthesis, Characterization and Use of Mesoporous Silicas of the Following Types SBA-1, SBA-2, HMM-1 and HMM-2. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4385. [PMID: 33019709 PMCID: PMC7579092 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silicas have enjoyed great interest among scientists practically from the moment of their discovery thanks to their unique attractive properties. Many types of mesoporous silicas have been described in literature, the most thoroughly MCM-41 and SBA-15 ones. The focus of this review are the methods of syntheses, characterization and use of mesoporous silicas from SBA (Santa Barbara Amorphous) and HMM (Hybrid Mesoporous Materials) groups. The first group is represented by (i) SBA-1 of three-dimensional cubic structure and Pm3n symmetry and (ii) SBA-2 of three-dimensional combined hexagonal and cubic structures and P63/mmc symmetry. The HMM group is represented by (i) HMM-1 of two-dimensional hexagonal structure and p6mm symmetry and (ii) HMM-2 of three-dimensional structure and P63/mmc symmetry. The paper provides comprehensive information on the above-mentioned silica materials available so far, also including the data for the silicas modified with metal ions or/and organic functional groups and examples of the materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izabela Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.J.); (A.F.-G.)
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