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Sundararaj SB, Amir H, Viswanathan C, Thangavelu S. Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A Visible-Light-Driven CoTiO 3@g-C 3N 4-Based Photoanode Interface Follows the Type II Heterojunction Scheme. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:16582-16594. [PMID: 39046450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy can be efficiently used to generate hydrogen by photochemical water splitting, which is a sustainable and environmentally benign energy source. Here, a unique visible-light-driven CoTiO3@g-C3N4 (CTOCN)-based photoanode interface has been optimized and developed with modification to follow the type II heterojunction for the enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting. Initially, a graphitic carbon nitride-loaded CoTiO3 (with 10 wt % g-C3N4) composite was obtained using a one-pot solvothermal method. Accordingly, the type II heterojunction interface between g-C3N4 and CoTiO3 has been successfully created and confirmed by the acquired phase, morphological, and optical examinations. Thereby, heterostructure generations with interfacial interaction were enabled to decrease photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination, leading to enhanced charge transfer for water oxidation kinetics. The minimal charge transfer resistance and hole relaxation lifetime (p) shown in Nyquist and Bode plots have further confirmed the rapid electron transport across the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, which is attributed to an enhanced absorption of holes for the water splitting process. Additionally, UV-vis spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky analysis, and UPS studies were used to determine the band edge locations of g-C3N4 and CoTiO3. In comparison to previously developed nanohybrids and their equivalents, the CTOCN-d photoanode follows the type II charge transfer mechanism, resulting in a higher photocurrent density of 55.51 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Humayun Amir
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
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Shao M, Shao Y, Pan H. Progress on enhancing the charge separation efficiency of carbon nitride for robust photocatalytic H 2 production. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11243-11262. [PMID: 38567551 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Solar-driven H2 production from water splitting with efficient photocatalysts is a sustainable strategy to meet the clean energy demand and alleviate the approaching environmental issues caused by fossil fuel consumption. Among various semiconductor-based photocatalysts, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted much attention due to its advantages of long term-stability, visible light response, low cost, and easy preparation. However, the intrinsic Coulombic attraction between charge carriers and the interlayer electrostatic barrier of bulk g-C3N4 result in severe charge recombination and low charge separation efficiency. This perspective summarizes the recent progress in the development of g-C3N4 photocatalytic systems, and focuses on three main modification strategies for promoting charge transfer and minimizing charge recombination, including structural modulation, heterojunction construction, and cocatalyst loading. Based on this progress, we provide conclusions regarding the current challenges of further improving photocatalytic efficiency to fulfill commercial requirements, and propose some recommendations for the design of novel and satisfactory g-C3N4 photocatalysts, which is expected to progress the solar-to-hydrogen conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Yangfan Shao
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
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Ali S, Ismail PM, Khan M, Dang A, Ali S, Zada A, Raziq F, Khan I, Khan MS, Ateeq M, Khan W, Bakhtiar SH, Ali H, Wu X, Shah MIA, Vinu A, Yi J, Xia P, Qiao L. Charge transfer in TiO 2-based photocatalysis: fundamental mechanisms to material strategies. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4352-4377. [PMID: 38275275 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04534j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor-based photocatalysis has attracted significant interest due to its capacity to directly exploit solar energy and generate solar fuels, including water splitting, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and bacterial inactivation. However, achieving the maximum efficiency in photocatalytic processes remains a challenge owing to the speedy recombination of electron-hole pairs and the limited use of light. Therefore, significant endeavours have been devoted to addressing these issues. Specifically, well-designed heterojunction photocatalysts have been demonstrated to exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity through the physical distancing of electron-hole pairs generated during the photocatalytic process. In this review, we provide a systematic discussion ranging from fundamental mechanisms to material strategies, focusing on TiO2-based heterojunction photocatalysts. Current efforts are focused on developing heterojunction photocatalysts based on TiO2 for a variety of photocatalytic applications, and these projects are explained and assessed. Finally, we offer a concise summary of the main insights and challenges in the utilization of TiO2-based heterojunction photocatalysts for photocatalysis. We expect that this review will serve as a valuable resource to improve the efficiency of TiO2-based heterojunctions for energy generation and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharafat Ali
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology, Huzhou 313001, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Pir Muhammad Ismail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology, Huzhou 313001, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Shannxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Alei Dang
- Shannxi Engineering Laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Sajjad Ali
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology, Huzhou 313001, China
- Energy, Water and Environment Lab, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Zada
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Raziq
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Imran Khan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ateeq
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Waliullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Syedul Hasnain Bakhtiar
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Haider Ali
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq Ali Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology, Huzhou 313001, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology, Huzhou 313001, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
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Ramírez-Hernández M, Cox J, Thomas B, Asefa T. Nanomaterials for Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Water Systems: Progress and Future Outlooks. Molecules 2023; 28:6568. [PMID: 37764344 PMCID: PMC10535519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging problems facing society worldwide. Much of the problem has been caused by human activities and increased usage of various useful chemical agents that inadvertently find their way into the environment. Triclosan (TCS) and related phenolic compounds and derivatives belong to one class of such chemical agents. In this work, we provide a mini review of these emerging pollutants and an outlook on the state-of-the-art in nanostructured adsorbents and photocatalysts, especially nanostructured materials, that are being developed to address the problems associated with these environmental pollutants worldwide. Of note, the unique properties, structures, and compositions of mesoporous nanomaterials for the removal and decontamination of phenolic compounds and derivatives are discussed. These materials have a great ability to scavenge, adsorb, and even photocatalyze the decomposition of these compounds to mitigate/prevent their possible harmful effects on the environment. By designing and synthesizing them using silica and titania, which are easier to produce, effective adsorbents and photocatalysts that can mitigate the problems caused by TCS and its related phenolic derivatives in the environment could be fabricated. These topics, along with the authors' remarks, are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricely Ramírez-Hernández
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jordan Cox
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Belvin Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, New Brunswick, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, New Brunswick, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Inoue T, Chuaicham C, Saito N, Ohtani B, Sasaki K. Z-scheme heterojunction of graphitic carbon nitride and calcium ferrite in converter slag for the photocatalytic imidacloprid degradation and hydrogen evolution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Underwood TM, Robinson RS. Adducing Knowledge Capabilities of Instrumental Techniques Through the Exploration of Heterostructures' Modification Methods. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200241. [PMID: 35965256 PMCID: PMC9804862 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of technology has facilitated the global research community to rapidly escalate the constant development of novel advancements in science. At the forefront of such achievements in the field of photocatalysis is the utilisation, and in oftentimes, the adaptation of modern instrumentation to understand photo-physical properties of complex heterostructures. For example, coupling in-situ X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy for real-time degradation of catalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Underwood
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalPrivate Bag X01, ScottsvillePietermaritzburg3209South Africa
| | - Ross S. Robinson
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalPrivate Bag X01, ScottsvillePietermaritzburg3209South Africa
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Tien TM, Chung YJ, Huang CT, Chen EL. WSSe Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Methylene Blue Removal under Visible-Light Irradiation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5616. [PMID: 36013753 PMCID: PMC9412401 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel tungsten disulfide diselenide (WSSe) nanocomposite by a facile hydrothermal process with great capable photocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution from water and organic compound removal was discussed. The WSSe nanocomposites form heterojunctions in order to inhibit the quick recombination rate of photo-induced electrons and holes. This is considered to be a useful method in order to enhance the capability of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The hydrogen production rate of the WSSe nanocomposites approaches 3647.4 μmol/g/h, which is 12 and 11 folds the rates of the bare WS2 and WSe2, respectively. Moreover, the excellent photocatalytic performance for Methylene blue (MB) removal (88%) was 2.5 and 1.8 times higher than those of the bare WS2 and WSe2, respectively. The great photocatalytic efficiency was owing to the capable electrons and holes separation of WSSe and the construction of the heterostructure, which possessed vigorous photocatalytic oxidation and reduction potentials. The novel one-dimensional structure of the WSSe heterojunction shortens the transport pathway of the photo-induced electrons and holes. It possesses the great capable photocatalytic efficiency of the hydrogen production and organic dye removal. This study offers an insight into the route of interfacial migration and separation for induced charge carriers in order to generate clean hydrogen energy and to solve the issue of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Mo Tien
- Coastal Water and Environment Center, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chung
- Department of Marine Science, Republic of China Naval Academy, Kaohsiung 81300, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Tang Huang
- Coastal Water and Environment Center, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Edward L. Chen
- Coastal Water and Environment Center, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
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Preparation of a Novel Composite Material Aluminum-Based MOF(DUT-5)/Bi2MoO6 for Degradation of Tetracycline. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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George JK, Bhagat A, Bhaduri B, Verma N. Carbon Nanofiber-Bridged Carbon Nitride-Fe2O3 Photocatalyst: Hydrogen Generation and Degradation of Aqueous Organics. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-03985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li C, Liu X, Ding G, Huo P, Yan Y, Yan Y, Liao G. Interior and Surface Synergistic Modifications Modulate the SnNb 2O 6/Ni-Doped ZnIn 2S 4 S-Scheme Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4681-4689. [PMID: 35258950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interior and surface synergistic modifications can endow the photocatalytic reaction with tuned photogenerated carrier flow at the atomic level. Herein, a new class of 2D/2D SnNb2O6/Ni-doped ZnIn2S4 (SNO/Ni-ZIS) S-scheme heterojunctions is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal strategy, which was used to evaluate the synergy between interior and surface modifications. Theoretical calculations show that the S-scheme heterojunction boosts the desorption of H atoms for rapid H2 evolution. As a result, 25% SNO/Ni0.4-ZIS exhibits significantly improved PHE activity under visible light, roughly 4.49 and 2.00 times stronger than that of single ZIS and Ni0.4-ZIS, respectively. In addition, 25% SNO/Ni0.4-ZIS also shows superior structural stability. This work provides advanced insight for developing high-performance S-scheme systems from photocatalyst design to mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Li
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoteng Liu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guixiang Ding
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Pengwei Huo
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guangfu Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Yu H, Yu J. Emerging S-Scheme Photocatalyst. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107668. [PMID: 34962659 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a green technology to use ubiquitous and intermittent sunlight. The emerging S-scheme heterojunction has demonstrated its superiority in photocatalysis. This article covers the state-of-the-art progress and provides new insights into its general designing criteria. It starts with the challenges confronted by single photocatalyst from the perspective of energy dissipation by borrowing the common behaviors in the dye molecule. Subsequently, other problems faced by single photocatalyst are summarized. Then a viable solution for these problems is the construction of heterojunctions. To overcome the problems and mistakes of type-II and Z-scheme heterojunctions, S-scheme heterojunction is proposed and the underlying reaction mechanism is summarized. Afterward, the design principles for S-scheme heterojunction are proposed and four types of S-scheme heterojunctions are suggested. Following this, direct characterization techniques for testifying the charge transfer in S-scheme heterojunction are presented. Finally, different photocatalytic applications of S-scheme heterojunctions are summarized. Specifically, this work endeavors to clarify the critical understanding on curved Fermi level in S-scheme heterojunction interface, which can help strengthen and advance the fundamental theories of photocatalysis. Moreover, the current challenges and prospects of the S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huogen Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Yang H, Zhang JF, Dai K. Organic amine surface modified one-dimensional CdSe0.8S0.2-diethylenetriamine/two-dimensional SnNb2O6 S-scheme heterojunction with promoted visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gu W, Li Q, Zhu H, Zou L. Facile interface engineering of hierarchical flower spherical-like Bi-metal-organic framework microsphere/Bi 2MoO 6 heterostructure for high-performance visible-light photocatalytic tetracycline hydrochloride degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1998-2010. [PMID: 34749447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled Bi-based metal-organic framework microspheres (Bi-MOF-M) by nanorods were successfully constructed by the glycol-assisted solvothermal method. Using Bi-MOF-M as a homologous template, a petal-like Bi2MoO6 (BMO) layer was grown in situ on its surface to facilely construct a chemically bonded heterojunction interface, realizing a micro/nano hierarchical flower spherical-like Bi-MOF-M/BMO heterojunction composite photocatalyst. The as-prepared series of Bi-MOF-M/BMO-x catalysts show higher visible light catalytic performance for tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) degradation. Among them, Bi-MOF-M/BMO-0.3 has the optimal catalytic activity, and the degradation efficiency can reach 93.6% within 60 min of light irradiation with superior mineralization ability and structural stability, and the degradation kinetic constant is 6.12 times that of Bi-MOF-M and 5.69 times that of BMO, respectively. The homologously grown Bi-MOF-M/BMO chemically bonded heterojunction not only effectively broadens the spectral absorption range and enhances the absorption intensity but also promotes the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers through forming a favorable interfacial electric field and well-matched energy band alignment. A reasonable mechanism for the visible light degradation of TC by the Bi-MOF-M/BMO composite catalyst with h+ and 1O2 as the main reactive species is proposed. The micro/nano hierarchical structure of the Bi-MOF/BMO catalyst allows it to exhibit the easy recovery advantage of micron-scale materials while maintaining the high catalytic activity of the primary nano-components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Gu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Luyi Zou
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Yuan Y, Guo RT, Hong LF, Lin ZD, Ji XY, Pan WG. Fabrication of a dual S-scheme Bi 7O 9I 3/g-C 3N 4/Bi 3O 4Cl heterojunction with enhanced visible-light-driven performance for phenol degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132241. [PMID: 34826928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
S-scheme heterostructure can facilitate the separation of carriers while maintain outstanding redox capacity. A series of ternary Bi7O9I3/g-C3N4/Bi3O4Cl photocatalytic system was triumphantly synthesized via oil bath method in this work and used in photocatalytic degradation of phenol. The optimal TOC removal rate reached up to 93.57% under illumination for 160 min, which was slightly lower than phenol photodegradation (about 100%, 100 min). Correspondingly, the apparent rate constants for the decay of phenol are determined to be 0.0211 min-1. The experiment of free radical capture indicated that ·OH and ·O2- were the major oxidizing substances to degrade phenol. The products of phenol photodegradation were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a possible degradation pathway was proposed. The characterization analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that dual S-scheme charge migration was generated at the interface of Bi7O9I3, g-C3N4 and Bi3O4Cl, contributing to an efficient separation of light-excited carriers. In the field of environmental remediation, the discovery of this work could open up promising vistas for designing bismuth-based ternary heterostructures with application potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China.
| | - Long-Fei Hong
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Lin
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yin Ji
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China.
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Alnaggar G, Alkanad K, G. C. SS, Bajiri MA, Drmosh QAQ, Krishnappagowda LN, Ananda S. Rational design of 2D TiO2-MoO3 Step-scheme heterostructure for boosted photocatalytic overall water splitting. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Designing of step-scheme (S-scheme) heterostructure photocatalyst is a promising strategy for the high utilization of photogenerated charge carriers. Herein, a novel S-scheme two-dimensional (2D) TiO2-MoO3 heterojunction photocatalyst is fabricated by...
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Self-assembly synthesis of S-scheme g-C3N4/Bi8(CrO4)O11 for photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin and bisphenol A. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang F, Zhou X, Li J, He Q, Zheng L, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhang G, Liu X, Li H. Rationally Designed Bi 2M 2O 9 (M = Mo/W) Photocatalysts with Significantly Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:7334. [PMID: 34885916 PMCID: PMC8658845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel Bi2W2O9 and Bi2Mo2O9 with irregular polyhedron structure were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Compared to ordinary Bi2WO6 and Bi2MoO6, the modified structure of Bi2W2O9 and Bi2Mo2O9 were observed, which led to an enhancement of photocatalytic performance. To investigate the possible mechanism of enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, the crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties of Bi2WO6, Bi2MO6, Bi2W2O9, and Bi2Mo2O9 were examined. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed the visible-light absorption ability of Bi2WO6, Bi2MO6, Bi2W2O9, and Bi2Mo2O9. Photoluminescence (PL) and photocurrent indicated that Bi2W2O9 and Bi2Mo2O9 pose an enhanced ability of photogenerated electron-hole pairs separation. Radical trapping experiments revealed that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals were the main active species. It can be conjectured that the promoted photocatalytic performance related to the modified structure, and a possible mechanism was discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jing Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Qiuyue He
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ling Zheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guizhai Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (F.W.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.H.); (L.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xintong Liu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongda Li
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
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18
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Luangwanta T, Chachvalvutikul A, Kaowphong S. Facile synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of a novel FeVO4/Bi4O5Br2 heterojunction photocatalyst through step-scheme charge transfer mechanism. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Rahimi K, Moshfegh AZ. Band alignment tuning of heptazine-g-C 3N 4/g-ZnO vdW heterostructure as a promising water-splitting photocatalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20675-20685. [PMID: 34515709 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02911h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of two-dimensional monolayers are a relatively new class of materials with highly tunable band alignment, bandgap energy, and bandgap transition type. In this study, we performed density functional theory calculations to investigate how a vdW heterostructure of heptazine-based graphitic carbon nitride (hg-C3N4) and graphitic zinc oxide (g-ZnO) monolayers is formed (hg-C3N4/g-ZnO). This heterostructure is a potential solar-driven photocatalyst for the water-splitting reaction. Upon the formation of the heterostructure, a type-I indirect bandgap (Eg = 2.08 eV) is created with appropriate conduction band minimum and valence band maximum levels relative to the oxidation/reduction potentials for the water-splitting reaction. In addition, a very large electrostatic potential difference of 11.18 eV is generated across the heterostructure, leading to a large, naturally-formed, built-in electric field directing from hg-C3N4 to g-ZnO. The produced electric field forces photogenerated electrons in g-ZnO to transfer toward hg-C3N4, leading to a decrease in the electron-hole recombination rate. We also found that both g-ZnO and hg-C3N4 synergistically lead to higher light absorption of the heterostructure (λmax = 387 nm). Furthermore, band alignment, bandgap energy, and transition type of the heterostructure can be tuned by applying external perpendicular electric fields and biaxial strains. It was found that a strain of +2% leads to a Z-scheme band alignment (Eg = 2.34 eV, direct) and an electric field of 1 V Å-1 leads to a type-II heterostructure (Eg = 2.29 eV, indirect), which are both beneficial for efficient water-splitting photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Rahimi
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran.
| | - Alireza Z Moshfegh
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9161, Iran. .,Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 14588-89694, Iran
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20
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Assembly of CaIn2S4 on Defect-Rich BiOCl for Acceleration of Interfacial Charge Separation and Photocatalytic Phenol Degradation via S-Scheme Electron Transfer Mechanism. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel 2D/2D S-scheme heterostructure of BiOCl nanosheets coupled with CaIn2S4 nanosheets (CaIn2S4/BiOCl-SOVs), which contains surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs), has been successfully prepared by high-temperature calcination combined with a solvothermal synthetic strategy. Under visible-light irradiation, the apparent rate constant (Kapp/mim−1) for phenol degradation on the 1 wt% CaIn2S4/BiOCl-SOVs photocatalyst is about 32.8 times higher than that of pure BiOCl. The superior performance was attributed to the synergistic effect between the SOVs, CaIn2S4, and BiOCl, which can effectively narrow the bandgap and accelerate the interfacial charge separation of CaIn2S4/BiOCl-SOVs heterojunctions. Subsequently, it significantly promotes the generation of superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals, and h+, which participate in the photodegradation process of phenol. The catalyst still maintained a relatively high activity after repeated tests as a demonstration of its photostability. This work successfully proposed an efficient method to design a new 2D/2D S-scheme heterostructure with SOVs as possible photocatalysts in the field of environmental remediation.
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21
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Ren J, Zhen Y, Wang J, Li J. Catalytic degradation of caffeic acid by DBD plasma and Mn doped cobalt oxyhydroxide catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130101. [PMID: 33984910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, caffeic acid (CA) was degraded by electrical discharge plasma combined with Mn doped CoOOH catalyst. Doping of Mn significantly improve the catalytic activity of CoOOH. CA degradation efficiency was 75.6% with dielectric barrier discharge treatment for 10 min, and it reached 97% using CoOOH as the catalyst at the same treatment time. CA was 100% degraded with only 8 min using Mn/CoOOH as the catalyst. The introduction of Mn into the lattice of CoOOH induced the formation of oxygen vacancy, causing part of coordinate number of Co decreased from 6 to 5, and thus produces unsaturated Co to be the Lewis acid sites. Lewis acid sites (unsaturated Co) could coordinate with O3 and H2O2 and break their chemical bonds to form O and -OH. Assisting in the conversion of O3 to ·OH was the main role of H2O2 in the catalytic process. The degradation products and pathway of CA were studied by three-dimensional fluorescence, liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Ren
- School of Petroleum Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Yan'an Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Remediation, Yan'an, 716000, China.
| | - Yanzhong Zhen
- School of Petroleum Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Yan'an Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Remediation, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Petroleum Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Yan'an Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Remediation, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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Fei X, Zhang L, Yu J, Zhu B. DFT Study on Regulating the Electronic Structure and CO2 Reduction Reaction in BiOBr/Sulphur-Doped G-C3N4 S-Scheme Heterojunctions. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.698351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is a promising method to mitigate the greenhouse effect and energy shortage problem. Development of effective photocatalysts is vital in achieving high photocatalytic activity. Herein, the S-scheme heterojunctions composed by BiOBr and g-C3N4 with or without S doping are thoroughly investigated for CO2 reduction by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Work function and charge density difference demonstrate the existence of a built-in electric field in the system, which contributes to the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Enhanced strength of a built-in electric field is revealed by analysis of Bader charge and electric field intensity. The results indicate that S doping can tailor the electronic structures and thus improve the photocatalytic activity. According to the change in absorption coefficient, system doping can also endow the heterojunction with increased visible light absorption. The in-depth investigation indicates that the superior CO2 reduction activity is ascribed to low rate-determining energy. And both of the heterojunctions are inclined to generate CH3OH rather than CH4. Furthermore, S doping can further reduce the energy from 1.23 to 0.44 eV, indicating S doping is predicted to be an efficient photocatalyst for reducing CO2 into CH3OH. Therefore, this paper provides a theoretical basis for designing appropriate catalysts through element doping and heterojunction construction.
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23
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Lian X, Xue W, Dong S, Liu E, Li H, Xu K. Construction of S-scheme Bi 2WO 6/g-C 3N 4 heterostructure nanosheets with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation for ammonium dinitramide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125217. [PMID: 33517062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis technology is considered as a promising environmental remediation strategy. Herein, photocatalytic degradation of ammonium dinitramide (ADN, main component of propellant) was investigated over Bi2WO6/g-C3N4 (BWO/CN) heterostructure nanosheets prepared by a one-step in-situ hydrothermal method. The operating conditions including ADN initial concentration, catalyst dosage, initial pH, temperature and green oxidizer (hydrogen peroxide) were optimized systematically. Under optimal conditions, the photocatalytic degradation rate of ADN over BWO/CN can reach 98.93% after 80 min visible-light irradiation. Besides, the composite has excellent stability for ADN treatment and nitrate ions are the major degradation products. Furthermore, S-scheme heterojunction mechanism was proposed to explain the extremely high REDOX performance of BWO/CN composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lian
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Wenhua Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Enzhou Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hui Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Kangzhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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24
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Luo K, Hu W, Wei J, Zhang Q, Wu Z, Li D, Miao F, Huang Y, Xu M, Ma J, Li C, Chen G, Han R, Wang X, Cui X, Ruterana P. Exploration of irradiation intensity dependent external in-band quantum yield for ZnO and CuO/ZnO photocatalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10768-10779. [PMID: 33978645 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Decorating metal oxides with wide band-gap semiconductor nano-particles constitute an important approach for synthesizing nano-photocatalysts, where the photocatalytic activity is attributed to the band diagram related effective charge separation and external in-band quantum yield (EIQY). However, up to now, the correlation between the irradiation intensity and the functionalization of the in-band quantum yield has not yet been explained. In this work, by investigating the photocatalytic activity of ZnO and CuO/ZnO (CZO) nano-photocatalysts under various irradiative intensities, we show that the effective charge separation in the CuO/ZnO band alignment is sensitive to weak illumination, while ZnO exhibits a competitive photocatalytic activity with CZO under strong illumination. As a consequence, by modifying the irradiation intensity, the intrinsic ZnO can achieve a similar photocatalytic activity to that of metal oxide decorated ZnO. Besides, the optimal photocatalytic activity of CZO is found to be reachable by manipulating the pollutant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Luo
- College of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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25
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Insights into the Mechanism of the Bi/BiVO4 Composites for Improved Photocatalytic Activity. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing concentration of residual ciprofloxacin (CIP) can cause potential harm to the environment. Photocatalysis has been regarded as an effective method for the degradation of CIP. Bi/BiVO4 with excellent photocatalytic performance was synthesized partial reduction with NaBH4. The structure, morphology, composition, and optical performance of BiVO4 and Bi/BiVO4 were characterized by a variety of techniques. The results showed that the Bi/BiVO4 exhibits high photocatalytic activity in the degradation of CIP. Comparison of BiVO4 and Bi/BiVO4 has lower photoluminescence intensity and higher photocurrent responses intensity. The introduction of Bi made Bi/BiVO4 have a higher charge separation efficiency and generate more active free radicals. In addition, the radical trapping experiments revealed that superoxide free radicals and holes were the main active free radicals during the degradation of CIP. The pathway of CIP degradation was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed.
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26
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Zhang G, Fang J, Xu H, Hu J. Construction of Bi 2MoO 6/g-C 3N 4 heterostructures with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03664e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile combination of Bi2MoO6 and g-C3N4 promotes the formation of heterojunctions, which reduce the recombination rate of photogenerated carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Jianguang Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Jingmiao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
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