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Al-Awad AS, Batet L, Rives R, Sedano L. Stochastic computer experiments of the thermodynamic irreversibility of bulk nanobubbles in supersaturated and weak gas-liquid solutions. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:024503. [PMID: 38984961 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous gas-bubble nucleation in weak gas-liquid solutions has been a challenging topic in theory, experimentation, and computer simulations. In analogy with recent advances in crystallization and droplet formation studies, the diffusive-shielding stabilization and thermodynamic irreversibility of bulk nanobubble (bNB) mechanisms are revisited and deployed to characterize nucleation processes in a stochastic framework of computer experiments using the large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator code. Theoretical bases, assumptions, and limitations underlying the irreversibility hypothesis of bNBs, and their computational counterparts, are extensively described and illustrated. In essence, it is established that the irreversibility hypothesis can be numerically investigated by converging the system volume (due to the finiteness of interatomic forces) and the initial dissolved-gas concentration in the solution (due to the single-bNB limitation). Helium nucleation in liquid Pb17Li alloy is selected as a representative case study, where it exhibits typical characteristics of noble-gas/liquid-metal systems. The proposed framework lays down the bases on which the stability of gas-bNBs in weak and supersaturated gas-liquid solutions can be inferred and explained from a novel perspective. In essence, it stochastically marches toward a unique irreversible state along out-of-equilibrium nucleation/growth trajectories. Moreover, it does not attempt to characterize the interface or any interface-related properties, neither theoretically nor computationally. It was concluded that bNBs of a few tens of He-atoms are irreversible when dissolved-He concentrations in the weak gas-liquid solution are at least ∼50 and ∼105 mol m-3 at 600 and 1000 K (and ∼80 MPa), respectively, whereas classical molecular dynamics -estimated solubilities are at least two orders of magnitude smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman S Al-Awad
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lluis Batet
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ronny Rives
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Luis Sedano
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB/CSIC), Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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2
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Paknahad AA, Zalloum IO, Karshafian R, Kolios MC, Tsai SSH. High throughput microfluidic nanobubble generation by microporous membrane integration and controlled bubble shrinkage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:277-284. [PMID: 37716307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has recently been proposed as a viable method for producing bulk nanobubbles for use in various applications. The portability, compact size, and capacity to precisely control fluids on a small scale are a few of the benefits of microfluidics that may be exploited to create customized bulk nanobubbles. However, despite the potential of microfluidic nanobubble generation, low throughput and limited nanobubble concentration remain challenging for microfluidics. Here, we integrate a microporous silicon membrane into a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip to generate bulk nanobubbles in the 100-140 nm diameter range with a concentration of up to 108 mL-1. We investigate the nanobubble size and morphology using several characterisation techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, resonance mass measurement, dynamic light scattering, and the Tyndall effect. This new nanobubble generation technique can increase nanobubble concentration by ∼ 23 times compared to earlier microfluidic nanobubble generation platforms, which should increase the feasibility of translation to medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Paknahad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Intesar O Zalloum
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Raffi Karshafian
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada; Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada.
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3
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Paknahad AA, Zalloum IO, Karshafian R, Kolios MC, Tsai SSH. Microfluidic nanobubbles: observations of a sudden contraction of microbubbles into nanobubbles. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37386867 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are often utilized to generate uniform-size microbubbles. In most microfluidic bubble generation experiments, once the bubbles are formed the gas inside the bubbles begin to dissolve into the surrounding aqueous environment. The bubbles shrink until they attain an equilibrium size dictated by the concentration and type of amphiphilic molecules stabilizing the gas-liquid interface. Here, we exploit this shrinkage mechanism, and control the solution lipid concentration and microfluidic geometry, to make monodisperse bulk nanobubbles. Interestingly, we make the surprising observation of a critical microbubble diameter above and below which the scale of bubble shrinkage dramatically changes. Namely, microbubbles generated with an initial diameter larger than the critical diameter shrinks to a stable diameter that is consistent with previous literature. However, microbubbles that are initially smaller than the critical diameter experience a sudden contraction into nanobubbles whose size is at least an order-of-magnitude below expectations. We apply electron microscopy and resonance mass measurement methods to quantify the size and uniformity of the nanobubbles, and probe the dependence of the critical bubble diameter on the lipid concentration. We anticipate that further analysis of this unexpected microbubble sudden contraction regime can lead to more robust technologies for making monodisperse nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Paknahad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Intesar O Zalloum
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Raffi Karshafian
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada.
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4
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Ingram S, Jansen S, Schenk HJ. Lipid-Coated Nanobubbles in Plants. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1776. [PMID: 37299679 PMCID: PMC10254470 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the more surprising occurrences of bulk nanobubbles is in the sap inside the vascular transport system of flowering plants, the xylem. In plants, nanobubbles are subjected to negative pressure in the water and to large pressure fluctuations, sometimes encompassing pressure changes of several MPa over the course of a single day, as well as wide temperature fluctuations. Here, we review the evidence for nanobubbles in plants and for polar lipids that coat them, allowing nanobubbles to persist in this dynamic environment. The review addresses how the dynamic surface tension of polar lipid monolayers allows nanobubbles to avoid dissolution or unstable expansion under negative liquid pressure. In addition, we discuss theoretical considerations about the formation of lipid-coated nanobubbles in plants from gas-filled spaces in the xylem and the role of mesoporous fibrous pit membranes between xylem conduits in creating the bubbles, driven by the pressure gradient between the gas and liquid phase. We discuss the role of surface charges in preventing nanobubble coalescence, and conclude by addressing a number of open questions about nanobubbles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ingram
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H. Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA
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5
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Hildebrandt J, Thünemann AF. Aqueous Dispersions of Polypropylene: Toward Reference Materials for Characterizing Nanoplastics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200874. [PMID: 36495156 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics pollute the natural environment all over the world, but the full extent of the hazards posed by this waste is unclear. While research on microplastics is well advanced, little work has been done on nanoplastics. This discrepancy is mainly due to the lacking ability to detect nanoplastics in biologically and environmentally relevant matrices. Nanoplastics reference materials can help the development of suitable methods for identifying and quantifying nanoplastics in nature. The aim is to synthesize nanoplastics made from one of the most commonly used plastics, namely polypropylene. An easy way to produce long-term stable aqueous dispersions of polypropylene nanoparticles (nano polypropylene) is reported. The nanoplastic particles, prepared by mechanical breakdown, show a mean hydrodynamic diameter of Dh = 180.5 ± 5.8 nm and a polydispersity index of PDI = 0.084 ± 0.02. No surfactant is needed to obtain dispersion which is stable for more than 6 months. The colloidal stability of the surfactant-free nano polypropylene dispersions is explained by their low zeta potential of ζ = -43 ± 2 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hildebrandt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Experimental evidence of the effect of solute concentration on the collective evolution of bubbles in a regular pore-network. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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7
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Babu KS, Amamcharla JK. Generation methods, stability, detection techniques, and applications of bulk nanobubbles in agro-food industries: a review and future perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9262-9281. [PMID: 35467989 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubble (NB) technologies have received considerable attention for various applications due to their low cost, eco-friendliness, scale-up potential, process control, and unique physical characteristics. NB stands for nanoscopic gaseous cavities, typically <1 μm in diameter. NBs can exist on surfaces (surface or interfacial NBs) and be dispersed in a bulk liquid phase (bulk NBs). Compared to the microbubbles, NBs exhibit high specific surface area, negative surface charge, and better adsorption. Bulk NBs can be generated by hydrodynamic/acoustic cavitation, electrolysis, water-solvent mixing, nano-membrane filtration, and so on. NBs exhibit extraordinary longevity compared to microbubbles, prompting the interest of the scientific community aiming for potential applications including medicine, agriculture, food, wastewater treatment, surface cleaning, and so on. Based on the limited amount of research work available regarding the influence of NBs on food matrices, further research, however, needs to be done to provide more insights into its applications in food industries. This review provides an overview of the generation methods for NBs, techniques to evaluate them, and a discussion of their stability and several applications in various fields of science were discussed. However, recent studies have revealed that, despite the many benefits of NB technologies, several NB generating approaches are still limited in their application in specific agro-food industries. Further study should focus on process optimization, integrating various NB generation techniques/combining with other emerging technologies in order to achieve rapid technical progress and industrialization of NB-based technologies.HighlightsNanobubbles (NBs) are stable spherical entities of gas within liquid and are operationally defined as having diameters less than 1 µm.Currently, various reported theories still lack the ability to explain the evidence and stability of NBs in water, numerous NB applications have emerged due to the unique properties of NBs.NB technologies can be applied to various food and dairy products (e.g. yogurt and ice cream) and other potential applications, including agriculture (e.g. seed germination and plant growth), wastewater treatment, surface cleaning, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik S Babu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jayendra K Amamcharla
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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8
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Ibrahim M, Nome RA. Hydrogen peroxide disproportionation: time-resolved optical measurements of spectra, scattering and imaging combined with correlation analysis and simulations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Ingram S, Salmon Y, Lintunen A, Hölttä T, Vesala T, Vehkamäki H. Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732701. [PMID: 34975934 PMCID: PMC8716698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air seeded nanobubbles have recently been observed within tree sap under negative pressure. They are stabilized by an as yet unidentified process, although some embolize their vessels in extreme circumstances. Current literature suggests that a varying surface tension helps bubbles survive, but few direct measurements of this quantity have been made. Here, we present calculations of dynamic surface tension for two biologically relevant lipids using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that glycolipid monolayers resist expansion proportionally to the rate of expansion. Their surface tension increases with the tension applied, in a similar way to the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid. In contrast, a prototypical phospholipid was equally resistant to all applied tensions, suggesting that the fate of a given nanobubble is dependent on its surface composition. By incorporating our results into a Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) framework, we predict nanobubble stability with respect to embolism. We find that the metastable radius of glycolipid coated nanobubbles is approximately 35 nm, and that embolism is in this case unlikely when the external pressure is less negative than -1.5 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ingram
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Ecosystem-Atmospheric Interactions of Forest – Mire Complexes, Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Paknahad AA, Kerr L, Wong DA, Kolios MC, Tsai SSH. Biomedical nanobubbles and opportunities for microfluidics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32750-32774. [PMID: 35493576 PMCID: PMC9042222 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04890b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bulk nanobubbles in biomedicine is increasing in recent years, which is attributable to the array of therapeutic and diagnostic tools promised by developing bulk nanobubble technologies. From cancer drug delivery and ultrasound contrast enhancement to malaria detection and the diagnosis of acute donor tissue rejection, the potential applications of bulk nanobubbles are broad and diverse. Developing these technologies to the point of clinical use may significantly impact the quality of patient care. This review compiles and summarizes a representative collection of the current applications, fabrication techniques, and characterization methods of bulk nanobubbles in biomedicine. Current state-of-the-art generation methods are not designed to create nanobubbles of high concentration and low polydispersity, both characteristics of which are important for several bulk nanobubble applications. To date, microfluidics has not been widely considered as a tool for generating nanobubbles, even though the small-scale precision and real-time control offered by microfluidics may overcome the challenges mentioned above. We suggest possible uses of microfluidics for improving the quality of bulk nanobubble populations and propose ways of leveraging existing microfluidic technologies, such as organ-on-a-chip platforms, to expand the experimental toolbox of researchers working to develop biomedical nanobubbles. The use of bulk nanobubbles in biomedicine is increasing in recent years. This translates into new opportunities for microfluidics, which may enable the generation of higher quality nanobubbles that lead to advances in diagnostics and therapeutics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Paknahad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1T8 Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Liam Kerr
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1T8 Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Daniel A Wong
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1T8 Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada.,Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1T8 Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada.,Department of Physics, Ryerson University Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1T8 Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto 209 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
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11
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Wang S, Zhou L, Gao Y. Can bulk nanobubbles be stabilized by electrostatic interaction? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16501-16505. [PMID: 34286757 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that electrostatic stress arising from charges accumulated at the surface of nanobubbles might balance Laplace pressure leading to their stability. This mechanism has been widely discussed in the nanobubble field for the past decade. However, the stress in the diffusive double layer was overlooked when calculating the electrostatic effect in previous theories. In this communication, we recalculated this effect using the classical double layer theory. Combined with experimentally measured zeta potential, we find that the ratio of electrostatic pressure to Laplace pressure is much less than 10-2, which suggests that electrostatic interaction may not be the main factor for stabilizing bulk nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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12
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Makkonen L, Vehmas T. Comment on "On the thermodynamic stability of bubbles, immiscible droplets, and cavities" by G. S. Manning, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2020, 22, 17523. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12490-12492. [PMID: 34037033 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01122g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this comment, the thermodynamic analysis of the stability of nanobubbles is discussed in reference to the recent paper by Manning (G. S. Manning, On the Thermodynamic Stability of Bubbles,Immiscible Droplets, and Cavities, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2020, 22, 17523-17531). It is argued that Manning's critcism on the classical Epstein-Plesset model of bubble stability is unwarranted, and that the Young-Laplace-equation must be understood as a fundamental law of the pressure difference across a curved interface regardless of the reaction of the gas in the bubble. Consequently, the internal pressure and the radius of a bubble are inherently linked, so that the net force considered in Manning's stability analysis does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Makkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tapio Vehmas
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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13
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Zhou L, Wang S, Zhang L, Hu J. Generation and stability of bulk nanobubbles: A review and perspective. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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15
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Berkowitz ML. Stretch-Induced Cavitation: How Critical Cavity Radius and Barrier Energy, Radius, and Energy of a Stable Cavity Depend on the Stretching Factor. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4409-4414. [PMID: 33896169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of tension-induced cavitation, such as free energy at the barrier for cavitation, the size of the critical (barrier) cavity, the stable cavity size, and the free energy of the stable cavity, depend on the amount of tension (stretch) and the initial size of the sample. In this work, we study how the characteristics of the cavitation mentioned above scale with the amount of applied tension. We consider two models characterizing the properties of cavitating liquid: (a) a simple model with a linear tension-strain relation and neglect of curvature dependence of cavity surface tension and (b) a more realistic model with a nonlinear tension-strain relation and curvature-dependent surface tension. For both models, we find the relevant scaling relations when we stretch the initial volume of the liquid sample in the interval between 1% and 20% of the initial volume. Specific numerical tests are performed for the case of liquid water when the initial volume of the sample is a sphere with a radius of 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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16
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Vehmas T, Makkonen L. Metastable Nanobubbles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8021-8027. [PMID: 33817461 PMCID: PMC8014917 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water containing suspended nanobubbles is utilized in various applications. The observed lifetime of suspended nanobubbles is several weeks, whereas, according to the classical theory of bubble stability, a nanosized bubble should dissolve within microseconds. Explanations for the longevity of nanosized bubbles have been proposed but none of them has gained general acceptance. In this study, we derive an explanation for the existence of metastable nanobubbles solely from the thermodynamic principles. According to our analysis, the dissolution of nanosized aqueous bulk bubbles is nonspontaneous below 180 nm diameter due to the energy requirement of gas dissolution. Hydrophobic surfaces have a further stabilizing effect, and the dissolution becomes nonspontaneous in surface nanobubbles having a diameter below 600 nm.
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17
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Jadhav AJ, Barigou M. Response to "Comment on Bulk Nanobubbles or Not Nanobubbles: That is the Question". LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:596-601. [PMID: 33350836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advanced techniques that combine high spatial resolution with chemical sensitivity to directly probe the observed nanoentities and provide direct evidence that they are truly gas-filled nanobubbles do not exist. Therefore, in our paper, we focused on providing, for the first time, multiple types of indirect evidence using a variety of physical and chemical techniques that the nanoentities are not due to contamination and, hence, they must be bulk nanobubbles (BNBs). It should be noted that such techniques require good experimental skills, sound protocols, good scientific expertise, and reliable equipment. While no single piece of indirect evidence on its own can be considered as conclusive proof, we estimate that our results combined provide strong evidence that bulk nanobubbles do exist and they are stable. The work presented in our paper is the culmination of a series of studies, and many authors have either directly or indirectly confirmed our findings. Nonetheless, in their Comment, Rak & Sedlak reject all of the work we reported. We here address their comments point by point and show that their criticisms are unwarranted and unfounded, as follows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda J Jadhav
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mostafa Barigou
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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