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De Smet G, Bai X, Maes BUW. Selective C(aryl)-O bond cleavage in biorenewable phenolics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5489-5551. [PMID: 38634517 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass via a lignin first approach delivers a range of products with high oxygen content. Besides pulp, a lignin oil rich in guaiacols and syringols is obtained bearing multiple C(aryl)-OH and C(aryl)-OMe groups, typically named phenolics. Similarly, technical lignin can be used but is generally more difficult to process providing lower yields of monomers. Removal of the hydroxy and methoxy groups in these oxygenated arenes is challenging due to the inherently strong C-O bonds, in addition to the steric and electronic deactivation by adjacent -OH or -OMe groups. Moreover, chemoselective removal of a specific group in the presence of other similar functionalities is non-trivial. Other side-reactions such as ring saturation and transalkylation further complicate the desired reduction process. In this overview, three different selective reduction reactions are considered. Complete hydrodeoxygenation removes both hydroxy and methoxy groups resulting in benzene and alkylated derivatives (BTX type products) which is often complicated by overreduction of the arene ring. Hydrodemethoxylation selectively removes methoxy groups in the presence of hydroxy groups leading to phenol products, while hydrodehydroxylation only removes hydroxy groups without cleavage of methoxy groups giving anisole products. Instead of defunctionalization via reduction transformation of C(aryl)-OH, albeit via an initial derivatization into C(aryl)-OX, into other functionalities is possible and also discussed. In addition to methods applying guaiacols and syringols present in lignin oil as model substrates, special attention is given to methods using mixtures of these compounds obtained from wood/technical lignin. Finally, other important aspects of C-O bond activation with respect to green chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles De Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xingfeng Bai
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Du X, Fan H, Liu S, Zhang ZC. Selective nucleophilic α-C alkylation of phenols with alcohols via Ti=C α intermediate on anatase TiO 2 surface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4479. [PMID: 37532708 PMCID: PMC10397351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C bond forming reaction by alkylation of aryl rings is a main pillar of chemistry in the production of broad portfolios of chemical products. The dominant mechanism proceeds via electrophilic substitution of secondary and tertiary carbocations over acid catalysts, forming multiple aryl alkylation products non-selectively through all secondary and tertiary carbons in the alkyl chains but producing little α-C alkylation products because primary carbocations are poorly stable. Herein, we report that anatase TiO2 (TiO2-A) catalyzes nucleophilic α-C alkylation of phenols with alcohols in high selectivity to simply linear alkylphenols. Experimental and computational studies reveal the formation of Ti=C- bond with the α-carbon of the alkyl group at oxygen vacancies of the TiO2-A surface. The subsequent α-C alkylation by selective substitution of phenol ortho-C-H bond is verified by deuterium exchanged substrate and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shenglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Z Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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Zhao B, Zhang X, Mao J, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhang ZC, Guo X. Crystal-Plane-Dependent Guaiacol Hydrodeoxygenation Performance of Au on Anatase TiO2. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TiO2-supported catalysts have been widely used for a range of both liquid-phase and gas-phase hydrogenation reactions. However, little is known about the effect of their different crystalline surfaces on their activity during the hydrodeoxygenation process. In this work, Au supported on anatase TiO2, mainly exposing 101 or 001 facets, was investigated for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol. At 300 °C, the strong interaction between the Au and TiO2-101 surface resulted in the facile reduction of the TiO2-101 surface with concomitant formation of oxygen vacancies, as shown by the H2-TPR and H2-TPD profiles. Meanwhile, the formation of Auδ−, as determined by CO-DRIFT spectra and in situ XPS, was found to promote the demethylation of guaiacol producing methane. However, this strong interaction was absent on the Au/TiO2-001 catalyst since TiO2-001 was relatively difficult to be reduced compared with TiO2-101. The Au on TiO2-001 just served as the active site for the dissociation of hydrogen without the formation of Auδ−. The hydrogen atoms spilled over to the surface of TiO2-001 to form a small amount of oxygen vacancies, which resulted in lower activity than that over Au/TiO2-101. The catalytic activity of the Au/TiO2 catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation will be controlled by tuning the crystal plane of the TiO2 support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jingbo Mao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zongchao Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Zhu C, Fu W, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wu D, Tang T. The formation and transformation of hexadecanal influence on reaction pathway and activity in the palmitic acid hydrodeoxygenation over mesoporous ETS-10 supported Ni catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Spillover Hydrogen on Electron-Rich Ni/m-TiO2 for Hydrogenation of Furfural to Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of biomass-derived furfural (FFA) platform molecule to value-added tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) molecule is a sustainable route using an efficient non-noble metallic catalyst in water solvent. In this work, Ni in various loadings on mesoporous titanium dioxide (m-TiO2) was synthesized in one pot by Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA). The synthesised catalysts were evaluated for the hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The catalysts were characterised using a combination of spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, H2-TPR, H2-TPD, XPS, SEM-EDX, TEM, and HR-TEM. The characterization results show that the Ni/m-TiO2 materials exhibit enhanced electron-rich active sites, facilitated hydrogen spillover, uniform dispersion of small Ni particles (~5 nm), and strong metal support interaction between Ni and TiO2. Among the various Ni dopings, 7.5 wt.% Ni/m-TiO2 catalyst exhibited the best performance and achieved 99.9% FFA conversion and 93.2% THFA selectivity in water solvent at 100 °C and under 2 MPa H2. Additionally, detailed kinetic studies, process parameters, the stability and reusability of the catalyst were also studied. The results demonstrated that the 7.5 wt.% Ni/m-TiO2 catalyst is highly active and stable.
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Size-Dependent Strong Metal–Support Interactions of Rutile TiO2-Supported Ni Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of m-Cresol. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of rutile TiO2-supported Ni catalysts with varying Ni sizes were prepared and reduced at 650 °C to explore the effect of Ni size on the strong metal–support interactions (SMSI) and its consequences on the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of m-cresol at 350 °C and atmospheric pressure. When the Ni size increases from 4 to 29.1 nm, the SMSI becomes stronger, e.g., the thickness of the TiOx overlayer and the coverage extent of TiOx on the Ni particle surface increase. Direct deoxygenation to toluene is the dominant pathway on Ni/TiO2 catalysts with varying Ni loadings, with almost no CH4 being formed. These results indicate that the TiOx overlayer significantly alters the property of Ni. That is, the C-C hydrogenolysis activity on bare Ni is completely inhibited due to SMSI, while the deoxygenation activity is improved at the Ni-TiOx interfacial perimeter sites. Meanwhile, the turnover frequency of HDO on small Ni particles of 4 nm is > 2 times higher than that on large Ni particles of 29.1 nm, indicating that the small Ni particle with moderate SMSI appears to be optimal for the direct deoxygenation of m-cresol to toluene. The results suggest HDO activity may be enhanced by tuning the metal particle size and SMSI degree.
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Cui B, Wang H, Han J, Ge Q, Zhu X. Crystal-phase-depended strong metal-support interactions enhancing hydrodeoxygenation of m-cresol on Ni/TiO2 catalysts. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yang H, Yin W, Zhu X, Deuss PJ, Heeres HJ. Selective Demethoxylation of Guaiacols to Phenols using Supported MoO
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Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhou Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wang Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Fujian Universities Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation Technology College of Chemical Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116, Fujian P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Zhu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering ENTEG University of Groningen 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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