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Sharma S, Krishnaswamy S, Prusty S, Chand DK. A pair of conjoined trinuclear sub-frameworks in a pentanuclear double-cavity discrete coordination cage. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11287-11301. [PMID: 39055040 PMCID: PMC11268487 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination of Pd(ii) with selected bis-monodentate ligands produces the familiar multinuclear Pd m L2m type self-assembled "single-cavity discrete coordination cages" (SCDCC). If the ligand provides parallel coordination vectors, then it forms a binuclear Pd2L4 type cage, whereas utilization of ligands having appropriately divergent coordination vectors results in specific higher nuclear complexes. In contrast, preparation of emergent "multi-cavity discrete coordination cages" (MCDCC) using Pd(ii) and designer ligands is quite captivating where the neighboring cavities of the framework are conjoined with each other through a common metal center. A pair of conjoined binuclear Pd2L4 type sub-frameworks are present in a trinuclear Pd3L4 type double-cavity cage prepared from Pd(ii) and a tris-monodentate ligand having parallel coordination vectors. The present work envisioned a design to make double-cavity coordination cages having a pair of conjoined trinuclear Pd3L6 type sub-frameworks. To fulfill the objective we combined Pd(ii) with a mixture of designer bis-monodentate ligand (L) and tris-monodentate ligand (L') in a 5 : 4 : 4 ratio in one pot to afford the targeted pentanuclear type cage. The choice of bis-monodentate ligand L is based on the divergent nature of the coordination vectors suitable to produce a Pd3L6 type SCDCC. The tris-monodentate ligand L' having two arms is designed in such a manner that each of the arms reasonably resembles L. Study of the complexation behavior of Pd(ii) with L' provided additional guiding factors essential for the successful making of type MCDCC by integrative self-sorting. A few other MCDCC including lower symmetry versions were also prepared in the course of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Shobhana Krishnaswamy
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Soumyakanta Prusty
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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Mishra SS, Krishnaswamy S, Chand DK. Neighboring Cage Participation for Assisted Construction of Self-Assembled Multicavity Conjoined Cages and Augmented Guest Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4473-4488. [PMID: 38334098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A set of Pd2L4, Pd3L4, and Pd4L4-type single-, double-, and triple-cavity cages are prepared by complexation of Pd(NO3)2 with designer bis-monodentate (L1), tris-monodentate (L2), and tetrakis-monodentate (L3) ligands. The Pd2L4 cage exists in equilibrium with a Pd3L6 cage; the equilibrium shifted to Pd2L4 at 70 °C or upon addition of pyrazine-N,N'-dioxide (PZDO). The Pd2L4 cage binds a PZDO molecule using electrostatic, bifurcated H-bonding and overcoordinated H-bonding interactions. The discrete Pd3L4 and Pd4L4 compounds are conjoined cages comprising of unequal sized Pd2L4 cages (bigger and smaller). The bigger unit of Pd3L4 cage selectively binds a PZDO, and the smaller one binds a nitrate, fluoride, chloride, or bromide. The Pd4L4 cage, having a central bigger Pd2L4 cavity and two smaller peripheral Pd2L4 cavities, binds one PZDO and two nitrate, fluoride, chloride, or bromide. The smaller cavity can be prepared individually from Pd(II) and bis-monodentate ligand (L4), however, in the presence of template like a nitrate, fluoride, chloride, or bromide; otherwise, it forms an oligomeric mixture. Notably, the conjoined Pd3L4 and Pd4L4 cages could be prepared with (preferably) or without using a template for smaller cavity, and the bigger Pd2L4 is formed by sacrificing the possibility of the Pd3L6 moiety. Thus, the conjoined cages are formed in a symbiotic manner where the neighboring cages participate in the formation of each other. The binding of PZDO shows that the presence of one neighboring cage (as in Pd3L4) augments the binding affinity and that is further augmented in the presence of two neighboring cages (as in Pd4L4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabani S Mishra
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Shobhana Krishnaswamy
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Ghanbari B, Asadi Mofarrah L, Clegg JK. Selective Supramolecular Recognition of Nitroaromatics by a Fluorescent Metal-Organic Cage Based on a Pyridine-Decorated Dibenzodiaza-Crown Macrocyclic Co(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7434-7445. [PMID: 37134276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two isomorphous fluorescent (FL) lantern-shaped metal-organic cages 1 and 2 were prepared by coordination-directed self-assembly of Co(II) centers with a new aza-crown macrocyclic ligand bearing pyridine pendant arms (Lpy). The cage structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric, elemental microanalysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 show that anions (Cl- in 1 and Br- in 2) are encapsulated within the cage cavity. 1 and 2 bear two coordinated water molecules that are directed inside the cages, surrounded by the eight pyridine rings at the "bottom" and the "roof" of the cage. These hydrogen bond donors, π systems, and the cationic nature of the cages enable 1 and 2 to encapsulate the anions. FL experiments revealed that 1 could detect nitroaromatic compounds by exhibiting selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching toward p-nitroaniline (PNA), recommending a limit of detection of 4.24 ppm. Moreover, the addition of 50 μL of PNA and o-nitrophenol to the ethanolic suspension of 1 led to a significant large FL red shift, namely, 87 and 24 nm, respectively, which were significantly higher than the corresponding values observed in the presence of other nitroaromatic compounds. The titration of the ethanolic suspension of 1, with various concentrations of PNA (>12 μM) demonstrated a concentration-dependent emission red shift. Hence, the efficient FL quenching of 1 was capable of distinguishing the dinitrobenzene isomers. Meanwhile, the observed red shift (10 nm) and quenching of this emission band under the influence of a trace amount of o- and p-nitrophenol isomers also showed that 1 could discriminate between o- and p-nitrophenol. Replacement of the chlorido with a bromido ligand in 1 generated cage 2 which was a more electron-donating cage than 1. The FL experiments showed that 2 was partially more sensitive and less selective toward NACs than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Ghanbari
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Asadi Mofarrah
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Kim D, Han J, Jung OS, Lee YA. Insight into systematic formation of hexafluorosilicate during crystallization via self-assembly in a glass vessel. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25118-25122. [PMID: 36199348 PMCID: PMC9443674 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the unexpected hexafluorosilicate (SiF6 2-) anion during crystallization via self-assembly in glassware is scrutinized. Self-assembly of M(BF4)2 (M2+ = Cu2+ and Zn2+) with tridentate N-donors (L) in a mixture solvent including methanol in a glass vessel gives rise to an SiF6 2--encapsulated Cu3L4 double-decker cage and a Zn2L4 cage, respectively. Induced reaction of CuX2 (X- = PF6 - and SbF6 -) instead of Cu(BF4)2, with the tridentate ligands, produces the same species. The formation time of SiF6 2- is in the order of anions BF4 - < PF6 - < SbF6 - under the given reaction conditions. The SiF6 2- anion, acting as a cage template or cage-to-cage bridge, seems to be formed from the reaction of polyatomic anions containing fluoride with the SiO2 of the surface of the glass vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Han
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Sang Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
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Dasary H, Sarkar M, Chand DK. Configurational ligand isomerism in conjoined-cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8480-8483. [PMID: 35792679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double-decker shaped conjoined-cages of Pd3L4 formulation are prepared via self-assembly of Pd(II) with a set of three regioisomeric tridentate ligands. Alongside the targeted double-decker cage, unprecedented hour-glass shaped conjoined-cages of Pd3L4 formulation are also formed in two cases. The double-decker cage prepared from one ligand system and the hour-glass from another (but with a regioisomeric ligand) are structurally well suited to exemplify configurational ligand isomerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareesha Dasary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Moumita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Lewis JEM. Molecular engineering of confined space in metal–organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13873-13886. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The host–guest chemistry of metal–organic cages can be modified through tailoring of structural aspects such as size, shape and functionality. In this review, strategies, opportunities and challenges of such molecular engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Macreadie LK, Gilchrist AM, McNaughton DA, Ryder WG, Fares M, Gale PA. Progress in anion receptor chemistry. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lee H, Han J, Kim D, Jung OS. Interconversion between a Pd 3L 2 trigonal prism and a Pd 6L 8 cube via anion exchange: binding affinity of monoatomic vs. polyatomic anions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14849-14854. [PMID: 34604882 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00859e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic interconversion between trigonal prisms [Pd3X6L2] (X- = Cl-, Br-, and I-) and cubic cages [Pd6L8]12+(X-)12 (X- = BF4- and CF3SO3-) via anion exchange was established. Self-assembly of K2PdX4 (X- = Cl- and Br-) with a C3-symmetric tridentate 1,3,5-tris(2-isonicotinamidephenoxy)benzene (L) produces a trigonal prism, [Pd3X6L2]. Further photoreaction of the [Pd3X6L2] (X- = Cl- and Br-) with CH2I2 gives rise to a halide-exchanged species, [Pd3I6L2]. In contrast, anion exchange of [Pd3X6L2] (X- = Cl-, Br-, and I-) with BF4- yields cubic-shaped cages, [Pd6L8]12+(BF4-)12, with an inner cavity of 15.9 × 15.9 × 15.9 Å3. Successive anion exchange of [Pd6L8]12+(BF4-)12 with CF3SO3- gives rises to anion-exchanged [Pd6L8]12+(CF3SO3-)12 and vice versa without cage destruction. Thus, the cage system is specifically sensitive to anions, enabling cage formation to recognize the binding affinity and size of various anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeri Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihun Han
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Sang Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Lim SW, Moon H, Kim D, Jung OS. Trimetallic coordination cage formation for nitrate encapsulation: transformation of kinetic products into thermodynamic products. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14320-14324. [PMID: 34558591 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the formation of a nitrate-encapsulating tripalladium(II) cage via self-assembly of Pd(NO3)2 with 1,3-bis(dimethyl(pyridin-4-yl)silyl)propane (L) was developed. The self-assembly reaction initially produces spiro-type macrocycles, PdL2, and finally results in transformation into a nitrate-encapsulated cage, [(NO3)@Pd3L6], in the mother liquor. The reaction of PdX2 (X- = BF4-, ClO4-, PF6-, and CF3SO3- instead of NO3-) with L gives rise to a spiro species, PdL2, as the final product, and anion exchange of the spiro products, [PdL2](X)2, with NO3- produces the tripalladium cage [(NO3)@Pd3L6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heehun Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Sang Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Timmer BJJ, Mooibroek TJ. Anion binding properties of a hollow PdL-cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7184-7187. [PMID: 34190254 PMCID: PMC8291284 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The hollow [PdL][BArF]2 complex 1 of a tetra-pyridyl (py) ligand (L) has a [Pd(py)4]2+ coordination environment. Addition of coordinating anions resulted in the formation of a neutral species with Pd(py)2(anion)2 coordination environment (12A). These species bind further to the coordinating anions in the order Cl- > N3- > Br- > I- > AcO- with Ka1 : 1 ≤ 414 M-1. With relatively non-coordinating anions 1 remains intact and displays 1 : 2 binding behaviour dominated by the 1 : 1 stoichiometry in the order NO3- (∼105 M-1) » ClO4- and BF4- (∼103 M-1). As evidenced by crystal structure data, DFT calculations and {1H-19F}-HOESY NMR with BF4-, the anions are bound by charge assisted [C-H]+···anion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J J Timmer
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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Martín Díaz AE, Lewis JEM. Structural Flexibility in Metal-Organic Cages. Front Chem 2021; 9:706462. [PMID: 34336791 PMCID: PMC8317845 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.706462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) have emerged as a diverse class of molecular hosts with potential utility across a vast spectrum of applications. With advances in single-crystal X-ray diffraction and economic methods of computational structure optimisation, cavity sizes can be readily determined. In combination with a chemist's intuition, educated guesses about the likelihood of particular guests being bound within these porous structures can be made. Whilst practically very useful, simple rules-of-thumb, such as Rebek's 55% rule, fail to take into account structural flexibility inherent to MOCs that can allow hosts to significantly adapt their internal cavity. An often unappreciated facet of MOC structures is that, even though relatively rigid building blocks may be employed, conformational freedom can enable large structural changes. If it could be exploited, this flexibility might lead to behavior analogous to the induced-fit of substrates within the active sites of enzymes. To this end, in-roads have already been made to prepare MOCs incorporating ligands with large degrees of conformational freedom. Whilst this may make the constitution of MOCs harder to predict, it has the potential to lead to highly sophisticated and functional synthetic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom
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Lee J, Lim S, Kim D, Jung OS, Lee YA. Flexibility and anion exchange of [(X)@Pd 2L 4] cages for recognition of size and charge of polyatomic anions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15002-15008. [PMID: 33094791 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of Pd(NO3)2 with L (L = 1,2-bis(dimethyl(pyridin-3-yl)silyl)ethane) gives rise to [PdL2](NO3)2 in high yields. Anion exchange of [PdL2](NO3)2 with X- (X- = BF4-, ClO4-, and PF6-) changes the skeleton into a cage of [(X)@Pd2L4](X)3. Successive anion exchange of [(X)@Pd2L4](X)3 (X- = BF4-, ClO4-, and PF6-) with X- (X- = ReO4- and SiF62-) produces [(ReO4)@Pd2L4](ReO4)3 and [(SiF6)@Pd2L4](SiF6), respectively, irrespective of anion charge. The flexible nature and conformation of cages are significantly dependent on the nestled polyatomic anions. Thus, this system can be used as a molecular recognizer of the size and charge of ubiquitous polyatomic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Yu WB, Qiu FY, Sun P, Shi HT, Xin ZF. A new supramolecular catalytic system: the self-assembly of Rh8 cage host anthracene molecules for [4 + 4] cycloaddition induced by UV irradiation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9688-9693. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01978j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular assembly is significant in host–guest chemistry. In this work, a new supramolecular system assembled through a distorted cuboid was introduced. Moreover, the [4 + 4] cycloaddition reaction of the guest molecules was further studied under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Yu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Feng-Yi Qiu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Po Sun
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Hua-Tian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Zhi-Feng Xin
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
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