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Arbi HM, Vijayalakshmi L, Anil Kumar Y, Alzahmi S, Gopi CVVM, Rusydi A, Obaidat IM. A Facile Two-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Co(OH) 2@NiCo 2O 4 Nanosheet Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1981. [PMID: 37446497 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The composites of NiCo2O4 with unique structures were substantially investigated as promising electrodes. In this study, the unique structured nanosheets anchored on nickel foam (Ni foam) were prepared under the hydrothermal technique of NiCo2O4 and subsequent preparation of Co(OH)2. The Co(OH)2@NiCo2O4 nanosheet composite has demonstrated higher specific capacitances owing to its excellent specific surface region, enhanced rate properties, and outstanding electrical conductivities. Moreover, the electrochemical properties were analyzed in a three-electrode configuration to study the sample material. The as-designed Co(OH)2@NiCo2O4 nanosheet achieves higher specific capacitances of 1308 F·g-1 at 0.5 A·g-1 and notable long cycles with 92.83% capacity retention over 6000 cycles. The Co(OH)2@NiCo2O4 nanosheet electrode exhibits a long life span and high capacitances compared with the NiCo2O4 and Co(OH)2 electrodes, respectively. These outstanding electrochemical properties are mainly because of their porous construction and the synergistic effects between NiCo2O4 and Co(OH)2. Such unique Co(OH)2@NiCo2O4 nanosheets not only display promising applications in renewable storage but also reiterate to scientists of the unlimited potential of high-performance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Mueen Arbi
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yedluri Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Alzahmi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandu V V Muralee Gopi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andrivo Rusydi
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Ihab M Obaidat
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Su S, Sun L, Xie F, Qian J, Zhang Y. Phosphorus-doped Ni−Co sulfides connected by carbon nanotubes for flexible hybrid supercapacitor. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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3
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Xiao Q, Zhu J, Cheng C, Liu J, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhu J. Battery-like bismuth oxide anodes for soft-packed supercapacitors with high energy storage performance. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3884-3892. [PMID: 36723014 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07096k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth compounds are of interest because of abundant reserves and high theoretical capacity for use as anodes in supercapacitors. In this work, bismuth oxycarbonate is synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and bismuth oxide is obtained by the subsequent calcination process, both of which possess high specific capacity. In particular, Bi2O3 possesses a specific capacity of 1178 F g-1 (1178 C g-1, 327 mA h g-1) at a current density of 1 A g-1, and still retains 94.9% capacity at 20 A g-1, indicating excellent rate capability. Furthermore, Ni(OH)2 is prepared with a specific capacity of 2447 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. Using Bi2O3 as the anode and Ni(OH)2 as the cathode, respectively, the soft-packed supercapacitors are assembled with a large voltage window of 1.75 V. The energy density is as high as 139.7 W h kg-1 at a power density of 874.8 W kg-1. Even at 18 000 W kg-1, the device retains an energy density of 94 W h kg-1. Connecting two devices in series as a power source can light up 88 light emitting diodes (LEDs) for 2 hours, and drive a tiny fan to run for 18 seconds. The work provides new ways for the practical application of supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindan Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Chang Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jiliang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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4
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Yue X, Dong Y, Cao H, Wei X, Zheng Q, Sun W, Lin D. Effect of electronic structure modulation and layer spacing change of NiAl layered double hydroxide nanoflowers caused by cobalt doping on supercapacitor performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:973-983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Anil Kumar Y, Yadav AA, Al-Asbahi BA, Kang SW, Moniruzzaman M. Sulfur Nanoparticle-Decorated Nickel Cobalt Sulfide Hetero-Nanostructures with Enhanced Energy Storage for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Molecules 2022; 27:7458. [PMID: 36364283 PMCID: PMC9658846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal sulfides exaggerate higher theoretical capacities and were considered a type of prospective nanomaterials for energy storage; their inherent weaker conductivities and lower electrochemical active sites limited the commercial applications of the electrodes. The sheet-like nickel cobalt sulfide nanoparticles with richer sulfur vacancies were fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal technique. The sheet-like nanoparticles self-combination by ultrathin nanoparticles brought active electrodes entirely contacted with the electrolytes, benefiting ion diffusion and charges/discharges. Nevertheless, defect engineers of sulfur vacancy at the atomic level raise the intrinsic conductivities and improve the active sites for energy storage functions. As a result, the gained sulfur-deficient NiCo2S4 nanosheets consist of good specific capacitances of 971 F g-1 at 2 A g-1 and an excellent cycle span, retaining 88.7% of the initial capacitance over 3500 cyclings. Moreover, the values of capacitance results exhibited that the fulfilling characteristic of the sample was a combination of the hydrothermal procedure and the surface capacitances behavior. This novel investigation proposes a new perspective to importantly improve the electrochemical performances of the electrode by the absolute engineering of defects and morphologies in the supercapacitor field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedluri Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anuja A. Yadav
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seok-Won Kang
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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6
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Moniruzzaman M, Anil Kumar Y, Pallavolu MR, Arbi HM, Alzahmi S, Obaidat IM. Two-Dimensional Core-Shell Structure of Cobalt-Doped@MnO 2 Nanosheets Grown on Nickel Foam as a Binder-Free Battery-Type Electrode for Supercapacitor Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12183187. [PMID: 36144975 PMCID: PMC9505914 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an interfacial engineering strategy to construct an efficient hydrothermal approach by in situ growing cobalt-doped@MnO2 nanocomposite on highly conductive nickel foam (Ni foam) for supercapacitors (SCs). The remarkably high specific surface area of Co dopant provides a larger contacting area for MnO2. In the meantime, the excellent retentions of the hierarchical phase-based pore architecture of the cobalt-doped surface could beneficially condense the electron transportation pathways. In addition, the nickel foam (Ni foam) nanosheets provide charge-transport channels that lead to the outstanding improved electrochemical activities of cobalt-doped@MnO2. The unique cobalt-doped@MnO2 nanocomposite electrode facilitates stable electrochemical architecture, multi-active electrochemical sites, and rapid electro-transports channels; which act as a key factor in enhancing the specific capacitances, stability, and rate capacities. As a result, the cobalt-doped@MnO2 nanocomposite electrode delivered superior electrochemical activities with a specific capacitance of 337.8 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1; this is greater than pristine MnO2 (277.9 F g-1). The results demonstrate a worthy approach for the designing of high-performance SCs by the grouping of the nanostructured dopant material and metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yedluri Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hammad Mueen Arbi
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Alzahmi
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ihab M. Obaidat
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Zhang R, Tu Q, Li X, Sun X, Liu X, Chen L. Template-Free Preparation of α-Ni(OH)2 Nanosphere as High-Performance Electrode Material for Advanced Supercapacitor. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132216. [PMID: 35808052 PMCID: PMC9267997 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although it is one of the promising candidates for pseudocapacitance materials, Ni(OH)2 is confronted with poor specific capacitance and inferior cycling stability. The design and construction of three-dimensional (3D) nanosphere structures turns out to be a valid strategy to combat these disadvantages and has attracted tremendous attention. In this paper, a 3D α-Ni(OH)2 nanosphere is prepared via a facile and template-free dynamic refluxing approach. Significantly, the α-Ni(OH)2 nanosphere possesses a high specific surface area (119.4 m2/g) and an abundant porous structure. In addition, the as-obtained α-Ni(OH)2 electrodes are investigated by electrochemical measurements, which exhibit a high specific capacitance of 1243 F/g at 1 A/g in 6 M KOH electrolyte and an acceptable capacitive retention of 40.0% after 1500 charge/discharge cycles at 10 A/g, which can be attributed to the sphere’s unique nanostructure. Furthermore, the as-assembled Ni(OH)2-36//AC asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) yields a remarkable energy density of 26.50 Wh/kg, with a power density of 0.82 kW/kg. Notably, two ASCs in series can light a 2.5 V red lamp sustainably for more than 60 min, as well as power an LED band with a rated power of 25 W. Hence, this 3D α-Ni(OH)2 nanosphere may raise great potential applications for next-generation energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China; (R.Z.); (Q.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Qian Tu
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China; (R.Z.); (Q.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Xianran Li
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China; (R.Z.); (Q.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China; (R.Z.); (Q.T.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (X.L); (L.C.)
| | - Xinghai Liu
- Research Center of Graphic Communication, Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (X.L); (L.C.)
| | - Liangzhe Chen
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China; (R.Z.); (Q.T.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (X.L); (L.C.)
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8
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Luo S, Lv M, Tian Y, Jiang L, Li L, Shi K. Three-dimensional mesoporous ultra-thin monometallic cobalt layered double hydroxides nanomaterials as efficient NO2 gas sensor at room temperature. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monometallic cobalt layered double hydroxides (Co-LDHs) were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method. 2-methylimidazole (MIm) was selected as a functional agent. The functionalization and optimization has access to the CCM...
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9
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Jiang S, Li S, Xu Y, Liu Z, Weng S, Lin M, Xu Y, Jiao Y, Chen J. An iron based organic framework coated with nickel hydroxide for energy storage, conversion and detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 600:150-160. [PMID: 34010772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although electrode materials based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were widely studied in the electrochemistry field, the origin of poor conductivity is still a bottleneck restricting their development. Herein, we constructed a conductive circuit by growing a layer of hydroxide on the surface of the Fe-MOF, and composite materials (Fe-MOF@Ni(OH)2) are applied in the fields of supercapacitor, OER, and electrochemical sensing. Fe-MOF@Ni(OH)2 not only maintains the intrinsic advantages of Fe-MOF, but also improves the electrical conductivity. Fe-MOF@Ni(OH)2 exhibits a high specific capacity of 188 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 . The energy density of the asymmetric supercapacitor (Fe-MOF@Ni(OH)2-20//AC) reaches 67.1 Wh kg-1. During the oxygen evolution reaction, the overpotential of the material is 280 mV at 10 mA cm-2, and the Tafel slope is 37.6 mV dec-1. The electrochemical sensing tests showed the detection limit of BPA is 5 μM. Hence, these results provide key insights into the design of multifunctional electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Jiang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Shasha Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yanqiu Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhejun Liu
- Zhejiang Anke Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Shuting Weng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Mengxian Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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10
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Sekhar SC, Ramulu B, Arbaz SJ, Hussain SK, Yu JS. One-Pot Hydrothermal-Derived NiS 2 -CoMo 2 S 4 with Vertically Aligned Nanorods as a Binder-Free Electrode for Coin-Cell-Type Hybrid Supercapacitor. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100335. [PMID: 34927874 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition bimetallic sulfides are exploited as high-capacity electrode materials in energy storage devices owing to their abundant electroactive sites and relatively high electrical conductivity compared with metal oxides. Here, an in situ conversion of metal ions into NiS2 -CoMo2 S4 vertically aligned nanorod arrays on nickel foam (NS-CMS NRAs@NF) using a one-step hydrothermal technique to address the "dead-mass" limitation and multi-step preparation methods is reported. An in situ-converted NS-CMS NRAs obtained for 12 h of reaction time (NS-CMS NRAs-12 h@NF) delivers a superior areal capacity of 780 μAh cm-2 to the other NS-CMS electrodes synthesized for 6 h (543.1 μAh cm-2 ) and 18 h (636.7 μAh cm-2 ) at 7 mA cm-2 . A coin-cell-type hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) is also fabricated to unveil the practical adaptability of NS-CMS NRAs-12 h@NF electrode. Utilizing its structural and active material intriguing features, assembled coin-cell-type HSC achieves a high areal capacitance of 246.2 mF cm-2 (5 mA cm-2 ) along with maximum areal energy density (147 μWh cm-2 ) and power density (21.3 mW cm-2 ), respectively. Furthermore, the capability of coin-cell-type HSC in real-time applications is also inspected. This work promotes in situ deposition strategy to fabricate metal sulfide-based nanostructures for high-performance electrochemical capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Gihung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhimanaboina Ramulu
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Gihung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaik Junied Arbaz
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Gihung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sk Khaza Hussain
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Gihung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Yu
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Gihung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
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11
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Abdelrahim AM, El-Moghny MGA, El-Shakre ME, El-Deab MS. Tailor-designed Ni-Co binary hydroxide electrodes for boosted supercapacitor applications: Smart selection of additives. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Shang X, Mei H, Li Z, Dong C, Wang Z, Xu B. Improved ionic diffusion and interfacial charge/mass transfer of ZIF-67-derived Ni–Co-LDH electrodes with bare ZIF-residual for enhanced supercapacitor performance. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of Ni–Co-LDH and the morphology of the hierarchical structure can be simply optimized to achieve improved ionic diffusion and reduce reaction resistance of charge/mass transfer between the electrode/electrolyte interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosen Shang
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Mei
- College of Science
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Changyin Dong
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Zengbao Wang
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Ben Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- China University of Petroleum (East China)
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering
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