Dinuclear Rare-Earth β-Diketiminates with Bridging 3,5-Ditert-butyl-catecholates: Synthesis, Structure, and Single-Molecule Magnet Properties

The dinuclear β-diketiminato complex [L1ClDy(μ-Cl)3DyL1(THF)] (1) (L1 = {2,6-iPr2C6H3-NC(Me)CHC(Me)N-2,6-iPr2C6H3}-) was obtained by reaction of DyCl3 with KL1 in a molar ratio of 1:1 and used for the preparation of the mixed-ligand complex [L1Dy(μ-3,5-Cat)]2 (2) by salt metathesis reaction with 3,5-CatK2 (3,5-Cat -3,5-di-tert-butyl-catecholate). Reactions of 3,5-CatNa2 with [L2LnCl2(THF)2] (Ln3+ = Dy, Y) ligated with the less bulky ligand L2 = {2,4,6-Me3C6H2-NC(Me)CHC(Me)N-2,4,6-Me3C6H2}- afforded the mixed-ligand THF-containing complexes [L2Ln(μ-3,5-Cat)(THF)]2 (Ln3+ = Dy (3a), Y (3b)). All new complexes were fully characterized, and the solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Magnetic measurements revealed single-molecule magnet behavior for the dysprosium complexes. Sub-Kelvin μSQUID studies confirm the SMM character of the systems, while CASSCF calculation along with simulation of the experimental data yields an antiferromagnetic interaction operating between the Dy3+ ions.

Photocontrollable Magnetism and Photoluminescence in a Binuclear Dysprosium Anthracene Complex

By incorporating photoreactive anthracene moieties into binuclear Dy₂O₂ motifs, we obtain two new compounds with the formulas [Dy₂(SCN)₄(L)₂(dmpma)₄] (1) and [Dy₂(SCN)₄(L)₂(dmpma)₂(CH₃CN)₂] (2), where HL is 4-methyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol and dmpma is dimethylphosphonomethylanthracene. Compound 1 contains face-to-face π-π interacted anthracene groups that meet the Schmidt rule for a [4 + 4] photocycloaddition reaction, while stacking of the anthracene groups in compound 2 does not meet the Schmidt rule. Compound 1 undergoes a reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal structural transformation upon UV-light irradiation and thermal annealing, forming a one-dimensional coordination polymer of [Dy₂(SCN)₄(L)₂(dmpma)₂(dmpma₂)]_n (1UV). The process is concomitant with changes in the magnetic dynamics and photoluminescent properties. The spin-reversal energy barrier is significantly increased from 1 (55.9 K) to 1UV (116 K), and the emission color is changed from bright yellow for 1 to weak blue for 1UV. This is the first binuclear lanthanide complex that exhibits synergistic photocontrollable magnetic dynamics and photoluminescence. Ab initio calculations are conducted to understand the magnetostructural relationships of compounds 1, 1UV, and 2.

Construction of a High Nuclear Gadolinium Cluster with Enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect through Structural Transition

Starting from a dinuclear complex {Gd₂(L)₂(NO₃)₄(H₂O)₂}·2(CH₃CN) (1) based on 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (HL), a nonanuclear cluster {Gd₉(L)₄(μ₄-OH)₂(μ₃-OH)₈(μ₂-OCH₃)₄(NO₃)₈ (H₂O)₈}(OH)·2H₂O (2) was obtained via modulating the amount of the ligand and base. Both of them have been structurally and magnetically characterized. Complex 1 decorates the Gd₂ core bridged by double μ₂-phenoxyl oxygen atoms and coordinated neutral CH₃CN molecules, while 2 features the Gd₉ core with a sandglass-like topology. Magnetic investigations reveal that the weaker antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent metal ions exist in complex 2 than in 1, which is in agreement with the theoretical results. Meanwhile, the magnetocaloric effect with a maximum -ΔS _m value changes from 27.32 to 40.60 J kg^-1 K^-1 at 2 K and 7 T.

The rational construction of diamond-like dysprosium–hexacyanometallate frameworks featuring dynamic magnetic behaviour

Four novel diamond-like dysprosium–hexacyanometallate frameworks featuring slow magnetic relaxation have been rationally constructed by a feasible building block strategy using hexacyanometallate to link superparamagnetic dimeric units.

Influence of bridging and chelating co-ligands on the distinct single-molecule magnetic behaviours in ZnDy complexes

Four ZnDy complexes display an effect of bridging/chelating co-ligands on distinct single-molecule magnetic behaviours, relaxing through single to multi relaxation channels.

Macrocycle based dinuclear dysprosium(III) single molecule magnets with local D5h coordination geometry

Targeted approaches for manipulating the coordination geometry of lanthanide ions are a promising way to synthesize high-performance single-molecule magnets (SMMs), but most of the successful examples reported to date focus on mononuclear complexes. Herein, we describe a strategy to assemble dinuclear SMMs with Dy^III ions in approximate D_5h coordination geometry based on pyrazolate-based macrocyclic ligands with two binding sites. A Dy4 complex with a rhomb-like arrangement of four Dy^III as well as two dinuclear complexes having axial chlorido ligands (Dy2·Cl and Dy2*·Cl) were obtained; in the latter case, substituting Cl^- by SCN^- gave Dy2·SCN. Magneto-structural studies revealed that the μ-OH bridges with short Dy-O bonds dominate the magnetic anisotropy of the Dy^III ions in centrosymmetric Dy4 to give a vortex type diamagnetic ground state. Dynamic magnetic studies of Dy4 identified two relaxation processes under zero field, one of which is suppressed after applying a dc field. For complexes Dy2·Cl and Dy2*·Cl, the Dy^III ions feature almost perfect D_5h environment, but both complexes only behave as field-induced SMMs (U_eff = 19 and 25 K) due to the weak axial Cl^- donors. In Dy2·SCN additional MeOH coordination leads to a distorted D_2d geometry of the Dy^III ions, yet SMMs properties at zero field are observed due to the relatively strong axial ligand field provided by SCN^- (U_eff = 43 K). Further elaboration of preorganizing macrocyclic ligands appears to be a promising strategy for imposing a desired coordination geometry with parallel orientation of the anisotropy axes of proximate Dy^III ions in a targeted approach.

Coordination anion effects on the geometry and magnetic interaction of binuclear Dy2 single-molecule magnets

Two new dimeric dysprosium(III) complexes, [Dy₂(HL)₂(SCN)₂]·2CH₃CN (1) and [Dy₂(HL)₂(NO₃)₂]·2CH₃CN·2H₂O (2), have been assembled using the H₃L multidentate ligand (H₃L = 2,2'-((((2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis(methylene))bis((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)azanediyl))bis(methylene))diphenol). The use of different coordination anions for the two complexes results in distinct coordination geometries of the metal sites. The Dy centers in complexes 1 and 2 display capped octahedron and triangular dodecahedron coordination geometries, respectively. Consequently, the two compounds exhibit distinct dc and ac magnetic properties. Complex 1 behaves as a single molecule magnet (SMM) while no SMM behavior is observed for complex 2. Although complexes 1 and 2 possess a similar core of Dy₂O₂, their different coordination anions lead to two distinct magnetic interactions, namely ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic, respectively. Ab initio calculations reveal that these interactions may result from strong intramolecular dipolar couplings that are ferromagnetic for 1 but antiferromagnetic for 2, while exchange couplings are antiferromagnetic in both cases.

Syntheses, structural modulation, and slow magnetic relaxation of three dysprosium(III) complexes with mononuclear, dinuclear, and one-dimensional structures

Three mononuclear, dinuclear and one-dimensional dysprosium(III) complexes based on 3-azotriazolyl-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (H₄ATB) of [Dy(H₃ATB)₃]·3H₂O (1), [Dy₂(H₂ATB)₂(H₂DHB)₂(H₂O)₄]·2CH₃CN·5H₂O (2), and [Dy₂(H₂ATB)₂(DCB)(DMF)₂(H₂O)₂]·4DMF (3) were synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction (H₃DHB = 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, H₂DCB = 1,4-dicarboxybenzene). Complex 1 was used as a precursor to synthesize complexes 2 and 3, and 2 was further used to synthesize 3. Complex 1 is a mononuclear complex, in which the Dy(III) ion is in a nine-coordinated structure surrounded by three tridentate chelate H₃ATB^- ligands. Complex 2 displays a dinuclear structure bridged by two μ₂ carboxyl groups of two H₂DHB^- ligands and two μ_1,1-O atoms from the phenolic hydroxyl groups of two H₂ATB^2- ligands. Complex 3 shows a one-dimensional structure formed by two bridging DCB^2- ligands. The magnetic measurements were performed on three complexes 1-3, and they showed different magnetic behavior. Complex 1 shows a field-induced slow magnetic relaxation. Complexes 2 and 3 display distinct slow magnetic relaxation under zero dc field with energy barriers (U_eff) of 26(2) cm^-1 and 11(1) cm^-1, respectively. The magnetic behavior of three complexes 1-3 was investigated by ab initio calculations.

Modulating the relaxation dynamics via structural transition from a dinuclear dysprosium cluster to a nonanuclear cluster

A dinuclear dysprosium cluster [Dy₂(NO₃)₄(H₂O)₂(L)₂]·2CH₃CN was successfully prepared by employing HL (HL = 2,6-dimethoxyphenol) and Dy(NO₃)₃·6H₂O in a mixture of CH₃OH and CH₃CN. The conversion of this Dy₂ compound by reaction with additional deprotonated ligand generated a Dy₉ cluster [Dy₉(μ₄-OH)₂(μ₃-OH)₈(μ₂-OCH₃)₄(NO₃)₈(H₂O)₈(L)₄](OH)·2H₂O with the well-known "diabolo" topology. Magnetic investigation revealed that both of the clusters exhibit typical SMM characteristics, and variable magnetic relaxation with the energy barrier changing from 217.87 K to 9.24 K along with the transition from a dinuclear dysprosium cluster to a nonanuclear one. Ab initio calculations further confirm the corresponding structure-activity relationships that originate the different magnetic behaviours. This design may afford a feasible strategy for modulating the magnetic relaxation dynamics of polynuclear systems.

Homochiral Dysprosium Phosphonate Nanowires: Morphology Control and Magnetic Dynamics

Controllable synthesis of uniformly distributed nanowires of coordination polymers with inherent physical functions is highly desirable but challenging. In particular, the combination of chirality and magnetism into nanowires has potential applications in multifunctional materials and spintronic devices. Herein, we report four pairs of enantiopure coordination polymers with formulae S-, R-Dy(cyampH)₃  ⋅ CH₃ COOH ⋅ 2H₂ O (S-1, R-1), S-, R-Dy(cyampH)₃  ⋅ 3H₂ O (S-2, R-2), S-, R-Dy(cyampH)₂ (C₂ H₅ COO) ⋅ 3H₂ O (S-3, R-3) and S-, R-Dy(cyampH)₃  ⋅ 0.5C₂ H₅ COOH ⋅ 2H₂ O (S-4, R-4) [cyampH₂ =S-, R-(1-cyclohexylethyl)aminomethylphosphonic acids], which were obtained depending on the pH of the reaction mixtures and the specific carboxylic acid used as pH regulator. Interestingly, compounds 3 were obtained as superlong nanowires, showing 1D neutral chain structure which contains both phosphonate and propionate anion ligands. While compounds 1, 2 and 4 appeared as block-like crystals, superhelices and nanorods, respectively, and exhibited similar neutral chain structures containing only phosphonate ligand. Slow magnetization relaxation characteristic of single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior was observed for compounds S-1 and S-3. Theoretical calculations were performed to rationalize the magneto-structural relationships.