Fluorinated Phthalocyanine/Silver Nanoconjugates for Multifunctional Biological Applications

In this study, a new phthalonitrile derivative namely 4-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethynyl]phthalonitrile (1) and its metal phthalocyanines (2 and 3) were synthesized. The resultant compounds were conjugated to silver nanoparticles and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The biological properties of compounds (1-3), their nanoconjugates (4-6), and silver nanoparticles (7) were examined for the first time in this study. The antioxidant activities of biological candidates (1-7) were studied by applying the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained 97.47 % for 200 mg/L manganese phthalocyanine-silver nanoconjugates (6). The antimicrobial and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) activities of biological candidates (1-7) were examined using a micro-dilution assay. The highest MIC value was obtained 8 mg/L for nanoconjugate 6 against E. hirae. The studied compounds and their silver nanoconjugates exhibited high APDT activities against all the studied microorganisms. The most effective APDT activities were obtained 4 mg/L for nanoconjugates (5 and 6) against L. pneumophila and E. hirae, respectively. All the studied biological candidates displayed high cell viability inhibition activities against E. coli cell growth. The biofilm inhibition activities of the tested biological candidates were also investigated against S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa. Biological candidates (1-6) can be considered efficient metal nanoparticle-based materials for multi-disciplinary biological applications.

Synthesis and characterization of novel Schiff base-silicon (IV) phthalocyanine complex for photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND

Photodynamic therapy is an alternative anticancer treatment approach that promises high therapeutic efficacy. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the PDT-mediated anticancer effects of newly synthesized silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) molecules on MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, and non-tumorigenic MCF-10A breast cell line.

METHODS

Novel bromo substituted Schiff base (3a), its nitro homolog (3b), and their silicon complexes (SiPc-5a and SiPc-5b) were synthesized. Their proposed structures were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, UV-vis and MS instrumental techniques. MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells were illuminated at a light wavelength of 680 nm for 10 min, giving a total irradiation dose of 10 j/cm². MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of SiPc-5a and SiPc-5b. Apoptotic cell death was analyzed using flow cytometry. Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by TMRE staining. Intracellular ROS generation was observed microscopically using H₂DCFDA dye. Colony formation assay and in vitro scratch assay were performed to analyze the clonogenic activity and cell motility. Transwell migration and matrigel invasion analyzes were conducted to observe changes in the migration and invasion status of the cells.

RESULTS

The combination of SiPc-5a and SiPc-5b with PDT exhibited cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and triggered cell death. SiPc-5a/PDT and SiPc-5b/PDT decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased intracellular ROS production. Statistically significant changes were detected in cancer cells' colony-forming ability and motility. SiPc-5a/PDT and SiPc-5b/PDT reduced cancer cells' migration and invasion capacities.

CONCLUSION

The present study identifies PDT-mediated antiproliferative, apoptotic, and anti-migratory characteristics of novel SiPc molecules. The outcomes of this study emphasize the anticancer properties of these molecules and suggest that they may be evaluated as drug-candidate molecules for therapeutic purposes.

Novel axially symmetric and unsymmetric silicon(IV) phthalocyanines having anti-inflammatory groups: synthesis, characterization and their biological properties

New asymmetric Si(IV)Pc (1), monomeloxicammonotriethyleneglycolmonomethylether (phthalocyaninano)silicone, axially ligated with meloxicam as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or triethylene glycol monomethyl ether and symmetric Si(IV)Pc (2), diclofenac(phthalocyaninano)silicone, axially ligated with two diclofenac as NSAID, were synthesized and characterized as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents together with polyoxo-SiPc (3), ditriethyleneglycolmonomethylether(phthalocyaninano)silicone, and SiPc(OH)₂ (4), dihydroxy(phthalocyaninano)silicone. The photophysical and photochemical properties of these compounds were investigated. Then, antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferrous ion chelating activities, were performed for these Si(IV) phthalocyanine derivatives (1, 2, 3 and 4). The highest DPPH scavenging activity of 73.48% was achieved with compound 2 and the highest ferrous chelating ability of 66.42% was obtained with compound 3. The results of the antioxidant assays indicated that Pc derivatives 1, 2 and 3 have remarkable superoxide radical scavenging activities, and moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activities and metal chelating activities. The antimicrobial effects of the Si(IV) phthalocyanine compounds were studied against six pathogenic bacteria and two pathogenic microfungi. The results for the antimicrobial activity of these compounds indicated that Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was the most sensitive microorganism and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila (ATCC 33152) were the most resistant microorganisms against the tested compounds. The DNA cleavage ability and microbial cell viability of these compounds were studied. The studied compounds demonstrated excellent DNA nuclease activity and exhibited 100% cell viability inhibition at 500 mg L^-1. Also, the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of the compounds was tested against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and significant photodynamic antimicrobial activity was observed. In addition, the effect of phthalocyanines on biofilm inhibition produced by Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was also tested and 3 showed excellent biofilm inhibition of 82.14%.

Biological properties of novel mono and double-decker hexadeca-substituted metal phthalocyanines

This study reports chemical agents that exhibit efficient antibacterial photodynamic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, biofilm inhibition, and DNA cleavage activities.

Photophysicochemical, sonochemical, and biological properties of novel hexadeca-substituted phthalocyanines bearing fluorinated groups

This study presents the preparation of a novel tetra-substituted phthalonitrile (1), namely, 3,6-bis(hexyloxy)-4,5-bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phthalonitrile (1) and its metal-free (2)/metal {M = Zn (3), Cu (4), Co (5), Lu(CH₃COO) (6), Lu (7)} phthalocyanines. A series of various spectroscopic methods (UV-vis, FT-IR, mass, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy) were performed for the characterization of the newly synthesized compounds. The potential of compounds 2, 3, and 6 as photosensitizing materials for photodynamic and sonophotodynamic therapies was evaluated by photophysical, photochemical, and sonochemical methods. The highest singlet quantum yields were obtained for the zinc phthalocyanine derivative 3 by performing photochemical and sonochemical methods. In addition, several biological activities of the new compounds 1-7 were investigated. The newly synthesized phthalocyanines exhibited excellent DPPH scavenging activity and also DNA nuclease activity. The antimicrobial activity of the new compounds was evaluated by the disc diffusion assay. Effective microbial cell viability inhibition was observed with phthalocyanine macromolecules. The photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of the phthalocyanines showed 100% bacterial inhibition when compared to the control. They also exhibited significant biofilm inhibition activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that new phthalocyanines are promising photodynamic antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Assessment of in vitro Cytotoxic, iNOS, Antioxidant and Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activities of Water-soluble Sulfonated Phthalocyanines

In recent years, much effort has been devoted to the development of effective anticancer agents. In this manner, the utilization of water-soluble sulfonated phthalocyanines is crucial for many cancer cell lines. In this study, phthalonitrile and metallophthalocyanine compounds linked by benzenesulfonic acid groups have been prepared. Antimicrobial behaviors of those compounds were investigated by performing disk diffusion and photodynamic assays on gram-positive and negative bacteria. Indium phthalocyanine (InClPc) (3) showed inhibition activity against B. cereus, B. subtilis and S. aureus with disk diffusion assay. Also, gallium and indium phthalocyanines (2 and 3) exhibited inhibitory activity on both gram-positive and -negative microorganisms after light activation. Increasing the inhibitor concentration and light exposure time increased the inhibition activity for both molecules. GaClPc (2) demonstrated the maximum reducing power capacity among studied compounds, and CoPc (4) showed even better DPPH radical scavenging ability than the standard molecule Trolox at 2000 µg mL^-1 concentration. The dose-dependent effect of compounds on cytotoxicity was studied against cancer cells PANC-1, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, A549, HeLa, CaCo-2 and non-tumorigenic cells HEK-293. All compounds showed no significant cytotoxic effect on any cell line up to the highest treated concentration at 50 µg mL^-1 . However, all phthalocyanines had significant nitric oxide inhibition activity, and only in copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (5), the MTT IC₅₀ value was reached on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The lowest inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) IC₅₀ values were defined as 6 ± 1 μg mL^-1 and 7 ± 0.5 μg mL^-1 for CuPc (5) and InClPc (3), respectively.

Photophysicochemical and Biological Properties of New Phthalocyanines Bearing 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy and 2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethoxy Groups on Peripheral Positions

As thiazoles and fluorinated groups are well known as active species of hybrid pharmaceutical agents, this study aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of these groups on the biological features of phthalocyanines for the first time in the hope of discovering efficient pharmaceutical agents. Therefore, a new phthalonitrile derivative namely 4-(2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethoxy)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phthalonitrile (1) and its metal-free (2)/metal phthalocyanines (3-5) were prepared and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Solubility of new phthalocyanines (2-5) was examined in a series of polar and nonpolar solvents. Additionally, sono/photochemical methods were applied to examine the photophysical and sono/photochemical properties of new zinc phthalocyanine to measure its potential as a probable material for sono/photodynamic therapies. The antioxidant activities of compounds (1-5) were evaluated using the DPPH scavenging activity method and the highest radical scavenging activity was obtained 92.13% (200 mg L^-1 ) for manganese phthalocyanine. All the phthalocyanines demonstrated high DNA nuclease activity, as well. The antimicrobial activities of compounds (1-5) were investigated using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The phthalocyanines exhibited effective microbial cell inhibition activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity was investigated against E. coli by LED irradiation. Compounds (2-5) acted as photosynthesizers. Also, they displayed significant biofilm inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).

Novel symmetrical and unsymmetrical fluorine-containing metallophthalocyanines: synthesis, characterization and investigation of their biological properties

In this study, a new fluorinated phthalonitrile compound namely 5-bis[4-(trifluoromethoxy)-thiophenyl] phthalonitrile was synthesized. In addition, peripherally substituted symmetric metallated phthalocyanine derivatives [M = Co (2) and M = Zn (3)] and unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) complex (4) were synthesized by cyclotetramerization of this phthalonitrile compound. Characterization of all new compounds was carried out using FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis, and mass spectroscopy. Additionally, antioxidant activity, DNA cleavage activity, antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition activity, and bacterial viability inhibition test of the compounds (1-4) were investigated. The antioxidant activities of the new phthalocyanine complexes were studied by performing two different methods. The results indicated that the highest DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity was determined to be 67.85% for 2 and also 3 showed the highest activity with 31.65% for chelating activity at 200 mg L-1 concentration. Phthalocyanine compounds demonstrated effective DNA cleavage and antimicrobial activities. The highest percentage of cell vitality inhibition was found for compound 4, 56.92%. Also, test compounds exhibited good biofilm inhibition activity.