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Liu G, Zhang Y, Yao H, Deng Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Peng W, Sun G, Tse MK, Chen X, Yue J, Peng YK, Wang L, Zhu G. An ultrasound-activatable platinum prodrug for sono-sensitized chemotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5964. [PMID: 37343091 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great success achieved by photoactivated chemotherapy, eradicating deep tumors using external sources with high tissue penetration depth remains a challenge. Here, we present cyaninplatin, a paradigm of Pt(IV) anticancer prodrug that can be activated by ultrasound in a precise and spatiotemporally controllable manner. Upon sono-activation, mitochondria-accumulated cyaninplatin exhibits strengthened mitochondrial DNA damage and cell killing efficiency, and the prodrug overcomes drug resistance as a consequence of combined effects from released Pt(II) chemotherapeutics, the depletion of intracellular reductants, and the burst of reactive oxygen species, which gives rise to a therapeutic approach, namely sono-sensitized chemotherapy (SSCT). Guided by high-resolution ultrasound, optical, and photoacoustic imaging modalities, cyaninplatin realizes the overall theranostics of tumors in vivo with superior efficacy and biosafety. This work highlights the practical utility of ultrasound to precisely activate Pt(IV) anticancer prodrugs for the eradication of deep tumor lesions and broadens the biomedical uses of Pt coordination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Houzong Yao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Wang Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Guohan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Man-Kit Tse
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, P.R. China
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
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Aputen AD, Elias MG, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, Gordon CP, Scott KF, Aldrich-Wright JR. Versatile Platinum(IV) Prodrugs of Naproxen and Acemetacin as Chemo-Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092460. [PMID: 37173934 PMCID: PMC10177380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing new and versatile platinum(IV) complexes that incorporate bioactive moieties is a rapidly evolving research strategy for cancer drug discovery. In this study, six platinum(IV) complexes (1-6) that are mono-substituted in the axial position with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory molecule, naproxen or acemetacin, were synthesised. A combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques confirmed the composition and homogeneity of 1-6. The antitumour potential of the resultant complexes was assessed on multiple cell lines and proved to be significantly improved compared with cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. The platinum(IV) derivatives conjugated with acemetacin (5 and 6) were determined to be the most biologically potent, demonstrating GI50 values ranging between 0.22 and 250 nM. Remarkably, in the Du145 prostate cell line, 6 elicited a GI50 value of 0.22 nM, which is 5450-fold more potent than cisplatin. A progressive decrease in reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial activity was observed for 1-6 in the HT29 colon cell line, up to 72 h. The inhibition of the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme was also demonstrated by the complexes, confirming that these platinum(IV) complexes may reduce COX-2-dependent inflammation and cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico D Aputen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Maria George Elias
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, Newcastle, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, Newcastle, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Christopher P Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Kieran F Scott
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Janice R Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
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Aputen AD, Elias MG, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, Gordon CP, Scott KF, Aldrich-Wright JR. Bioactive Platinum(IV) Complexes Incorporating Halogenated Phenylacetates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207120. [PMID: 36296713 PMCID: PMC9611758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of cytotoxic platinum(IV) complexes (1-8) incorporating halogenated phenylacetic acid derivatives (4-chlorophenylacetic acid, 4-fluorophenylacetic acid, 4-bromophenylacetic acid and 4-iodophenylacetic acid) were synthesised and characterised using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. Complexes 1-8 were assessed on a panel of cell lines including HT29 colon, U87 glioblastoma, MCF-7 breast, A2780 ovarian, H460 lung, A431 skin, Du145 prostate, BE2-C neuroblastoma, SJ-G2 glioblastoma, MIA pancreas, the ADDP-resistant ovarian variant, and the non-tumour-derived MCF10A breast line. The in vitro cytotoxicity results confirmed the superior biological activity of the studied complexes, especially those containing 4-fluorophenylacetic acid and 4-bromophenylacetic acid ligands, namely 4 and 6, eliciting an average GI50 value of 20 nM over the range of cell lines tested. In the Du145 prostate cell line, 4 exhibited the highest degree of potency amongst the derivatives, displaying a GI50 value of 0.7 nM, which makes it 1700-fold more potent than cisplatin (1200 nM) and nearly 7-fold more potent than our lead complex, 56MESS (4.6 nM) in this cell line. Notably, in the ADDP-resistant ovarian variant cell line, 4 (6 nM) was found to be almost 4700-fold more potent than cisplatin. Reduction reaction experiments were also undertaken, along with studies aimed at determining the complexes' solubility, stability, lipophilicity, and reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico D. Aputen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Maria George Elias
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- Ingham Institute, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2298, Australia
| | | | - Christopher P. Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | | | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-246203218
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Aputen AD, Elias MG, Gilbert J, Sakoff JA, Gordon CP, Scott KF, Aldrich-Wright JR. Potent Chlorambucil-Platinum(IV) Prodrugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810471. [PMID: 36142383 PMCID: PMC9499463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-alkylating derivative chlorambucil was coordinated in the axial position to atypical cytotoxic, heterocyclic, and non-DNA coordinating platinum(IV) complexes of type, [PtIV(HL)(AL)(OH)2](NO3)2 (where HL is 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline or 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, AL is 1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane). The resultant platinum(IV)-chlorambucil prodrugs, PCLB, 5CLB, and 56CLB, were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The prodrugs displayed remarkable antitumor potential across multiple human cancer cell lines compared to chlorambucil, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin, as well as their platinum(II) precursors, PHENSS, 5MESS, and 56MESS. Notably, 56CLB was exceptionally potent in HT29 colon, Du145 prostate, MCF10A breast, MIA pancreas, H460 lung, A2780, and ADDP ovarian cell lines, with GI50 values ranging between 2.7 and 21 nM. Moreover, significant production of reactive oxygen species was detected in HT29 cells after treatment with PCLB, 5CLB, and 56CLB up to 72 h compared to chlorambucil and the platinum(II) and (IV) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico D. Aputen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Maria George Elias
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Calvary Mater Hospital, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | | | - Christopher P. Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | | | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-246203218
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Levina A, Crans DC, Lay PA. Advantageous Reactivity of Unstable Metal Complexes: Potential Applications of Metal-Based Anticancer Drugs for Intratumoral Injections. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:790. [PMID: 35456624 PMCID: PMC9026487 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Injections of highly cytotoxic or immunomodulating drugs directly into the inoperable tumor is a procedure that is increasingly applied in the clinic and uses established Pt-based drugs. It is advantageous for less stable anticancer metal complexes that fail administration by the standard intravenous route. Such hydrophobic metal-containing complexes are rapidly taken up into cancer cells and cause cell death, while the release of their relatively non-toxic decomposition products into the blood has low systemic toxicity and, in some cases, may even be beneficial. This concept was recently proposed for V(V) complexes with hydrophobic organic ligands, but it can potentially be applied to other metal complexes, such as Ti(IV), Ga(III) and Ru(III) complexes, some of which were previously unsuccessful in human clinical trials when administered via intravenous injections. The potential beneficial effects include antidiabetic, neuroprotective and tissue-regenerating activities for V(V/IV); antimicrobial activities for Ga(III); and antimetastatic and potentially immunogenic activities for Ru(III). Utilizing organic ligands with limited stability under biological conditions, such as Schiff bases, further enhances the tuning of the reactivities of the metal complexes under the conditions of intratumoral injections. However, nanocarrier formulations are likely to be required for the delivery of unstable metal complexes into the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry and the Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Xu Z, Wang Z, Deng Z, Zhu G. Recent advances in the synthesis, stability, and activation of platinum(IV) anticancer prodrugs. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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The Protein-Binding Behavior of Platinum Anticancer Drugs in Blood Revealed by Mass Spectrometry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020104. [PMID: 33572935 PMCID: PMC7911130 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and its analogues are widely used as chemotherapeutic agents in clinical practice. After being intravenously administrated, a substantial amount of platinum will bind with proteins in the blood. This binding is vital for the transport, distribution, and metabolism of drugs; however, toxicity can also occur from the irreversible binding between biologically active proteins and platinum drugs. Therefore, it is very important to study the protein-binding behavior of platinum drugs in blood. This review summarizes mass spectrometry-based strategies to identify and quantitate the proteins binding with platinum anticancer drugs in blood, such as offline high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP-MS) combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and multidimensional LC–ESI-MS/MS. The identification of in vivo targets in blood cannot be accomplished without first studying the protein-binding behavior of platinum drugs in vitro; therefore, relevant studies are also summarized. This knowledge will further our understanding of the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of platinum anticancer drugs, and it will be beneficial for the rational design of metal-based anticancer drugs.
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