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Sparks N, Vijayan SM, Roy JK, Dorris A, Lambert E, Karunathilaka D, Hammer NI, Leszczynski J, Watkins DL. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Thienothiadiazole-Based D-π-A-π-D Fluorophores as Potential NIR Imaging Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24513-24523. [PMID: 37457472 PMCID: PMC10339328 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As fluorescence bioimaging has increased in popularity, there have been numerous reports on designing organic fluorophores with desirable properties amenable to perform this task, specifically fluorophores with emission in the near-infrared II (NIR-II) region. One such strategy is to utilize the donor-π-acceptor-π-donor approach (D-π-A-π-D), as this allows for control of the photophysical properties of the resulting fluorophores through modulation of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels. Herein, we illustrate the properties of thienothiadiazole (TTD) as an effective acceptor moiety in the design of NIR emissive fluorophores. TTD is a well-known electron-deficient species, but its use as an acceptor in D-π-A-π-D systems has not been extensively studied. We employed TTD as an acceptor unit in a series of two fluorophores and characterized the photophysical properties through experimental and computational studies. Both fluorophores exhibited emission maxima in the NIR-I that extends into the NIR-II. We also utilized electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to rationalize differences in the measured quantum yield values and demonstrated, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence of radical species on a TTD-based small-molecule fluorophore. Encapsulation of the fluorophores using a surfactant formed polymeric nanoparticles, which were studied by photophysical and morphological techniques. The results of this work illustrate the potential of TTD as an acceptor in the design of NIR-II emissive fluorophores for fluorescence bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
E. Sparks
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sajith M. Vijayan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Juganta K. Roy
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson-State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Austin Dorris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ethan Lambert
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Dilan Karunathilaka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson-State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Davita L. Watkins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Mississippi University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Yang SY, Qu YK, Liao LS, Jiang ZQ, Lee ST. Research Progress of Intramolecular π-Stacked Small Molecules for Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104125. [PMID: 34595783 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors can be designed and constructed in π-stacked structures instead of the conventional π-conjugated structures. Through-space interaction (TSI) occurs in π-stacked optoelectronic materials. Thus, unlike electronic coupling along the conjugated chain, the functional groups can stack closely to facilitate spatial electron communication. Using π-stacked motifs, chemists and materials scientists can find new ways for constructing materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), as well as enhanced molecular conductance. Organic optoelectronic devices based on π-stacked molecules have exhibited very promising performance, with some of them exceeding π-conjugated analogues. Recently, reports on various organic π-stacked structures have grown rapidly, prompting this review. Representative molecular scaffolds and newly developed π-stacked systems could stimulate more attention on through-space charge transfer the well-known through-bond charge transfer. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for utilizing and improving particular materials are discussed. The previous achievements and upcoming prospects may provide new insights into the theory, materials, and devices in the field of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Kun Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
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Bai X, Wu SX, Duan YC, Pan QQ, Gao FW, Kan YH, Su ZM. Turning conventional non-TADF units into high-lying reverse intersystem crossing TADF emitters: different symmetric D–A–D-type modified donor units. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02484e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to turn conventional non-TADF units into high-lying reverse intersystem crossing D–A–D-type TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shui-xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ying-chen Duan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing-qing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Changchun University of Science and Technology, No. 618 Liangjiang Avenue, Longxing Town, Yubei District, Chongqing City 401135, China
| | - Yu-he Kan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Zhong-min Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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4
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Syntheses, crystal structures, luminescence, Hirshfeld surface analyses and thermal properties of biphenyl carbazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2,7(3,6)-Diaryl(arylamino)-substituted Carbazoles as Components of OLEDs: A Review of the Last Decade. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226754. [PMID: 34832156 PMCID: PMC8620482 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a new, promising technology in the field of lighting and display applications due to the advantages offered by its organic electroactive derivatives over inorganic materials. OLEDs have prompted a great deal of investigations within academia as well as in industry because of their potential applications. The electroactive layers of OLEDs can be fabricated from low molecular weight derivatives by vapor deposition or from polymers by spin coating from their solution. Among the low-molar-mass compounds under investigation in this field, carbazole-based materials have been studied at length for their useful chemical and electronic characteristics. The carbazole is an electron-rich heterocyclic compound, whose structure can be easily modified by rather simple reactions in order to obtain 2,7(3,6)-diaryl(arylamino)-substituted carbazoles. The substituted derivatives are widely used for the formation of OLEDs due to their good charge carrier injection and transfer characteristics, electroluminescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, improved thermal and morphological stability as well as their thin film forming characteristics. On the other hand, relatively high triplet energies of some substituted carbazole-based compounds make them useful components as host materials even for wide bandgap triplet emitters. The present review focuses on 2,7(3,6)-diaryl(arylamino)-substituted carbazoles, which were described in the last decade and were applied as charge-transporting layers, fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters as well as host materials for OLED devices.
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Altinolcek N, Battal A, Vardalli CN, Tavasli M, Yu HA, Peveler WJ, Skabara PJ. Carbazole-based D-π-A molecules: Determining the photophysical properties and comparing ICT effects of π-spacer and acceptor groups. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Maeda B, Mori G, Sakakibara Y, Yagi A, Murakami K, Itami K. Photo‐Induced Arylation of Carbazoles With Aryldiazonium Salts. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Genki Mori
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125 Japan
| | - Yota Sakakibara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
- JST-PRESTO 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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Wei W, Li J, Liu D, Mei Y, Lan Y, Tian H, Niu R, Liu B. Developing deep blue (CIE y < 0.08) and pure blue (CIE y < 0.11) OLEDs via molecular engineering of carbazole moiety. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Through carbazole modification, two new emitters with different emitting mechanisms were synthesized to obtain deep blue and pure blue OLEDs with CIE coordinates of (0.164, 0.077) and (0.157, 0.107) and EQEmax of 4.6% and 8.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongqiang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ying Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Houru Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Rui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Botao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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9
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Bryden MA, Zysman-Colman E. Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compounds used in photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7587-7680. [PMID: 34002736 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds that show Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) have become wildly popular as next-generation emitters in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Since 2016, a subset of these have found increasing use as photocatalysts. This review comprehensively highlights their potential by documenting the diversity of the reactions where an organic TADF photocatalyst can be used in lieu of a noble metal complex photocatalyst. Beyond the small number of TADF photocatalysts that have been used to date, the analysis conducted within this review reveals the wider potential of organic donor-acceptor TADF compounds as photocatalysts. A discussion of the benefits of compounds showing TADF for photocatalysis is presented, which paints a picture of a very promising future for organic photocatalyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Amy Bryden
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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