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Xu Q, Chen G, Hu H, Mo Z, Chen W, He Q, Xu Z, Dai X. Multifunctional nanoplatform based on tetragonal BaTiO 3-Au@polydopamine for computed tomography imaging-guided photothermal synergistic and enhanced piezocatalytic cancer therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:597-609. [PMID: 38134668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-centrosymmetric tetragonal barium titanate nanocrystals have the potential to serve as piezoelectric catalysts in cancer therapy. When exposed to ultrasound irradiation, BaTiO3 can generate reactive oxygen species with a noninvasive and deep tissue-penetrating approach. However, the application of BaTiO3 in cancer nanomedicine is limited by their biosafety, biocompatibility, and dosage efficiency. To explore the potential application of BaTiO3 in nanomedical cancer treatment, we introduced ultra-small Au nanoparticles onto the surface of BaTiO3 to enhance the piezoelectric catalytic performance. Additionally, we also coated the BaTiO3 with polydopamine to improve their biosafety and biocompatibility. This led to the preparation of a novel multifunctional BaTiO3-based nanoplatform called BTAPs. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the incorporation of Au dopants and polydopamine coating successfully improved the piezoelectric catalysis properties and biocompatibility of BaTiO3. Compared with unmodified BaTiO3, BTAPs achieved a similar piezoelectric catalytic effect at a low dose (0.3 mg ml-1 in vitro and 10 mg kg-1 in vivo). Moreover, BTAPs also exhibited enhanced properties in computed tomography imaging and photothermal effects in vivo. Therefore, BTAPs offer valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of piezoelectric catalytic nanomedicine in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Han Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhimin Mo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wenqiu Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; HAISO Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Qianyuan He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Zushun Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiaofang Dai
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
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2
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Sengupta D, Naskar S, Mandal D. Reactive oxygen species for therapeutic application: Role of piezoelectric materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25925-25941. [PMID: 37727027 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01711g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This perspective article emphasizes the significant role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in in vivo remedial therapy of various diseases and complications, capitalizing on their potential reactivity. Among the various influencers, herein, piezoelectric materials driven ROS generation activity is primarily considered. Intrinsic non-centrosymmetry of piezoelectric materials makes them suitable for distinct dipole formation in the presence of external mechanical stimuli. Such characteristics prompt the positioning of opposite charged carriers to execute associated redox transformations that effectively participate to generate ROS in the aqueous media of the cell cytoplasm, organelles and nucleus. The immense reactivity of piezoelectric material driven ROS is fostered to terminate cellular toxicity or curtail tumor cell growth, due to their higher specificity. This perspective considers the conjugated performance of piezoelectric materials and ultrasound which can remotely generate electrical charges that promote ROS production for therapeutic application. In particular, a substantial synopsis is provided for the remedial activity of numerous piezocatalytic materials in tumor cell apoptosis, antibacterial treatment, dental care and neurological disorders. Subsequently, the report precisely demonstrates the methods involving various spectrophotometric approaches for the analysis of the ROS. Finally, the key challenges of piezoelectric material-based therapy are discussed and systematic future progress is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Sengupta
- Quantum Materials and Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector81, Mohali 140306, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad 244001, India
| | - Sudip Naskar
- Quantum Materials and Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector81, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Dipankar Mandal
- Quantum Materials and Devices Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector81, Mohali 140306, India.
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3
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Zhao C, Cai L, Wang K, Li B, Yuan S, Zeng Z, Zhao L, Wu Y, He Y. Novel Bi 2WO 6/ZnSnO 3 heterojunction for the ultrasonic-vibration-driven piezocatalytic degradation of RhB. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120982. [PMID: 36592880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study designed and prepared a new piezoelectric catalytic nanomaterial, Bi2WO6/ZnSnO3, and applied it in piezocatalytic water purification. Results indicated that the composite had superior piezocatalytic efficiency and stability in rhodamine B (RhB) degradation under ultrasonic vibration. The Bi2WO6/ZnSnO3 sample with 10% Bi2WO6 had the optimum activity with a degradation rate of 2.15 h-1, which was 7.4 and 11.3 times that of ZnSnO3 and Bi2WO6, respectively. Various characterizations were conducted to study the morphology, structure, and piezoelectric properties of the Bi2WO6/ZnSnO3 composites and reveal the reasons for their improved piezocatalytic performance. Results showed that ZnSnO3 cubes were dispersed throughout the surface of Bi2WO6 nanosheets, which enhanced the specific surface area and facilitated the piezocatalytic reaction. Additionally, type-II heterojunction structures formed at the contact interface of Bi2WO6 and ZnSnO3, driving the migration of piezoelectric-induced electrons and holes. Accordingly, the separation efficiency of charge carriers improved, and the piezoelectric catalytic activity was significantly enhanced. This study may provide a potential composite catalyst and a promising idea for the design of highly efficient piezoelectric catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunran Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Liye Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Kaiqi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Shude Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Zihao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Leihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yiming He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronic Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, China.
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Mahmoudi F, Saravanakumar K, Maheskumar V, Njaramba LK, Yoon Y, Park CM. Application of perovskite oxides and their composites for degrading organic pollutants from wastewater using advanced oxidation processes: Review of the recent progress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129074. [PMID: 35567810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, perovskite oxides are gaining an increasing amount of attention owing to their unique traits such as tunable electronic structures, flexible composition, and eco-friendly properties. In contrast, their catalytic performance is not satisfactory, which hinders real wastewater remediation. To overcome this shortcoming, various strategies are developed to design new perovskite oxide-based materials to enhance their catalytic activities in advanced oxidation process (AOPs). This review article is to provide overview of basic principle and different methods of AOPs, while the strategies to design novel perovskite oxide-based composites for enhancing the catalytic activities in AOPs have been highlighted. Moreover, the recent progress of their synthesis and applications in wastewater remediation (pertaining to the period 2016-2022) was described, and the related mechanisms were thoroughly discussed. This review article helps scientists to have a clear outlook on the selection and design of new effective perovskite oxide-based materials for the application of AOPs. At the end of the review, perspective on the challenges and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Karunamoorthy Saravanakumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Velusamy Maheskumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lewis Kamande Njaramba
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeomin Yoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Chang Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Dolai J, Biswas A, Ray R, Jana NR. Enhanced Piezocatalysis by Calcium Phosphate Nanowires via Gold Nanoparticle Conjugation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26443-26454. [PMID: 35666829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piezocatalytic materials have considerable application potential in wireless therapy. Most of these applications require biocompatible nanomaterials for in vivo targeting and control of intracellular processes. However, the piezocatalytic performance of a material decreases at a nanometer size regime, and most of the biocompatible materials have poor piezocatalytic efficiency. In particular, hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate-based nanomaterials have weak piezocatalytic properties that limit the biomedical application potential. Here, we show that anisotropic shape and Au nanoparticle conjugation can enhance the piezocatalytic property of a calcium phosphate nanomaterial by 10 times and the performance approaches that of the bulk/nanoparticle form of well-known BaTiO3. The colloidal form of calcium phosphate nanowires/nanorods/nanospheres (2-5 nm diameter and 30-1000 nm length) and their Au nanoparticle (5-8 nm) composites are prepared, and their piezoelectric properties have been investigated with piezoresponse force microscopy. It has been observed that the anisotropic nanowire structure of calcium phosphate can enhance the piezoelectric property by 2 times and Au nanoparticle conjugation can enhance it up to 10 times with a piezoelectric constant value of 72 pm/V, which is close to the value of the bulk/nanoparticle form of BaTiO3. This enhanced piezoelectric property is shown to enhance the piezocatalytic reactions by 10 times. The approach has been used to design colloidal nano-bioconjugate for selective labeling of cancer cells, followed by wireless cell therapy via medical-grade ultrasound-based intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. The developed approach and material can be extended for wireless therapeutic applications and for controlling intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Dolai
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Aritra Biswas
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Reeddhi Ray
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nikhil R Jana
- School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Kumar M, Ansari MNM, Boukhris I, Al‐Buriahi MS, Alrowaili ZA, Alfryyan N, Thomas P, Vaish R. Sonophotocatalytic Dye Degradation Using rGO-BiVO 4 Composites. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2100132. [PMID: 35712021 PMCID: PMC9189135 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/bismuth vanadate BiVO4 composites are fabricated with varied rGO amounts (0, 1, 2, and 3 wt%) through the synergetic effects of ultrasonication, photoinduced reduction, and hydrothermal methods, and the materials are tested as tools for sonophotocatalytic methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. The effect of rGO content on the sonophotocatalytic dye degradation capabilities of the composites are explored. Characterization of the proposed materials is done through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. The coexistence of BiVO4 and rGO is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and XRD. TEM confirms the existence of interfaces between rGO and BiVO4 and XPS affirms the existence of varied elemental oxidation states. In order to investigate the charge carriers transportation, time-dependent photocurrent responses of BiVO4 and 2 wt%- rGO/BiVO4 are done under visible light irradiation. The sonophotocatalytic MB dye degradation in an aqueous medium displays promising enhancement with rGO doping in rGO/BiVO4 composite. The 2 wt%- rGO/BiVO4 sample exhibits ≈52% MB dye degradation efficiency as compared to pure BiVO4 (≈25%) in 180 min of the sonophotocatalysis experiment. Phytotoxicity analysis through germination index is done using vigna radiata seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- School of EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal Pradesh175005India
| | - M. N. M. Ansari
- Institute of Power EngineeringUniversiti Tenaga NasionalKajangSelangor43000Malaysia
| | - Imed Boukhris
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityP. O. Box 9004AbhaSaudi Arabia
- Laboratoire des matériaux composites céramiques et polymères (LaMaCoP)Département de PhysiqueFaculté des Sciences de SfaxUniversité de Sfax BP 805Sfax3000Tunisia
| | - M. S. Al‐Buriahi
- Department of PhysicsSakarya UniversityEsentepe CampusSakarya54187Turkey
| | - Z. A. Alrowaili
- Physics departmentCollege of ScienceJouf UniversityP. O. Box 2014SakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alfryyan
- Department of PhysicsCollege of SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP. O. Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia
| | - P. Thomas
- Central Power Research InstituteDielectric Materials Division BengaluruKarnataka560080India
| | - Rahul Vaish
- School of EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal Pradesh175005India
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7
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Li Y, Chen H, Wang L, Wu T, Wu Y, He Y. KNbO 3/ZnO heterojunction harvesting ultrasonic mechanical energy and solar energy to efficiently degrade methyl orange. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105754. [PMID: 34530388 PMCID: PMC8445898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, KNbO3/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized and used in piezo/photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under simulated sunlight and ultrasonic vibration. Under simulated solar light, the optimal KNbO3/ZnO sample presented a MO degradation rate of 0.047 min-1, which is 2.47 times higher than that of ZnO. The promotion effect of KNbO3 on ZnO was also observed in the piezoelectric catalytic reaction. In addition, the co-utilization of solar and mechanical energy can further increase the MO degradation rate. Piezoelectric property and photoresponse capability are the origins of the piezo/photo catalytic behavior of the KNbO3/ZnO composite. Owing to the different band potentials of KNbO3 and ZnO, the electric potential field at their interface can drive the second distribution of the photo/piezoinduced charge carriers and hence promote the photo/piezocatalytic activity. This phenomenon was verified by the analysis on transient photocurrent and piezocurrent response. Trapping experiments on reactive species were also conducted. Superoxide radicals, holes, and hydroxyl radicals were found to be the main reactive species during the photo/piezocatalytic reaction. Recycling test showed that the KNbO3/ZnO composite exhibited good catalytic stability during six consecutive uses. Given its advantages of good catalytic activity and stability, the synthesized KNbO3/ZnO nanocomposite material has great potential in the further use of solar and mechanical energy to develop new water purification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Huafeng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Linkun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Yiming He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Lin YJ, Khan I, Saha S, Wu CC, Barman SR, Kao FC, Lin ZH. Thermocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation and environmental disinfection by Bi 2Te 3 nanoplates. Nat Commun 2021; 12:180. [PMID: 33420069 PMCID: PMC7794375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly reactive nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the basis for widespread use in environmental and health-related fields. Conventionally, there are only two kinds of catalysts used for ROS generation: photocatalysts and piezocatalysts. However, their usage has been limited due to various environmental and physical factors. To address this problem, herein, we report thermoelectric materials, such as Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3, and PbTe, as thermocatalysts which can produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under a small surrounding temperature difference. Being the most prevalent environmental factors in daily life, temperature and related thermal effects have tremendous potential for practical applications. To increase the practicality in everyday life, bismuth telluride nanoplates (Bi2Te3 NPs), serving as an efficient thermocatalyst, are coated on a carbon fiber fabric (Bi2Te3@CFF) to develop a thermocatalytic filter with antibacterial function. Temperature difference induced H2O2 generation by thermocatalysts results in the oxidative damage of bacteria, which makes thermocatalysts highly promising for disinfection applications. Antibacterial activity as high as 95% is achieved only by the treatment of low-temperature difference cycles. The current work highlights the horizon-shifting impacts of thermoelectric materials for real-time purification and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Imran Khan
- Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Subhajit Saha
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, 30059, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Snigdha Roy Barman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Cheng Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Section, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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