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He W, Cui Y, Yang H, Gao J, Zhao Y, Hao N, Li Y, Zhang M. Aquatic toxicity, ecological effects, human exposure pathways and health risk assessment of liquid crystal monomers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132681. [PMID: 37801980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), one of the key materials for liquid crystal displays, have been considered as emerging pollutants in recent years. However, the environmental behaviors of LCMs have not yet been well investigated. The toxicity data of 1173 LCMs were calculated by integrated computational simulation methods in this study. It showed that 64.6% LCMs exhibited PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) properties. Based on the results, 1173 LCMs were identified as molecules possessing the highest level of acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Among which, and a human health risk priority control list about LCMs was generated in this study, among which 435 were classified as requiring priority control LCMs. It was confirmed that LCMs could eventually accumulate in the human body along the aquatic food chain or penetrate the bloodstream through the dermis, thereby causing harm to health by identifying the exposure pathways of LCMs in humans. Additionally, the electronegativity of the side chain group of LCMs is the main factor causing toxicity differences; therefore, the LCMs containing halogens presented significant acute and chronic toxic effects. This study provided a more comprehensive understanding of LCMs for the public and scientific strategies for controlling LCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuhan Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiaxuan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.
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2
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Chakraborty G, Nath I V A, Sharma M, Sheth J, Kori M, Tiwari A, Patra N. In silico structural and mechanical insights into bedaquiline resistance associated with high-grade non-synonymous mutations in atpE, mmpR5, and pepQ. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37728541 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Clinical resistance against bedaquiline (BDQ) remains intractable to anti-tuberculosis therapies since its introduction to the market over a decade ago. Herein, we investigated the structural and mechanical aspects of BDQ resistance in AtpE, MmpR5, and PepQ. The known target-specific resistant single non-synonymous mutations were refined to high-grade candidates. Thus, 7 (AtpE), 5 (MmpR5), and 1 (PepQ) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one insertion frameshift mutation in MmpR5 were recreated at the molecular level, and these phenotypic models were then directed to stringent dynamics to define time-scaled changes. The AtpE variants destabilized the structure; mainly, L59V, E61D, and I66M were detrimental to the complex fitness, while L74V and L114P boosted the BDQ binding to MmpR5. The first three and last two alterations gave rise to loss- and gain-of-function to AtpE and MmpR5, respectively. Hence, these five mutants are functionally relevant and therapeutically targetable hotspots of BDQ resistance. There were no noticeable changes in PepQ data analysis. The present study revealed that MmpR5 mutations confer BDQ resistance, whereas AtpE and PepQ SNPs display low susceptibility. These results were tallied with the published findings, which testified to the pursued method's reliability and accuracy. We hope these data and inferences could be helpful for the futuristic design of novel TB drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mukta Sharma
- AarogyaAI Innovations Private Limited, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jigar Sheth
- AarogyaAI Innovations Private Limited, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mahima Kori
- AarogyaAI Innovations Private Limited, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Niladri Patra
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
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3
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Ray R, Das S, Lobo M, Birangal SR, Shenoy GG. A holistic molecular modelling approach to design novel indole-2-carboxamide derivatives as potential inhibitors of MmpL3. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:551-581. [PMID: 35850557 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2096691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious air-borne disease and one of the leading causes of death globally among all infectious diseases. There is an urgent need to develop antitubercular drugs that would be highly efficient and less toxic than the presently available marketed drugs. Mycobacterium membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) is an emerging drug target in tuberculosis with various classes of molecules that have been known to inhibit it. In this study, a dataset of indole-2-carboxamides showing antitubercular activity by inhibiting MmpL3 was utilized. Initially, a chimera-based homology model was developed and docking was performed with the filtered dataset to analyse the interactions. Thereafter, molecular dynamics simulations were run with representative molecules to gain a better insight on the binding patterns. To attain a more quantitative correlation, an atom-based 3D QSAR model was developed which complemented the results from the previous models. A library of novel indole-2-carboxamides was then generated using core hopping-based ligand enumeration and upon screening on our workflow model it predicted three molecules as potent antitubercular compounds. This work not only helps to gain new insights on the interactions at the MmpL3 binding site but also provides novel indole-2-carboxamides having the potential to become antitubercular drugs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - S Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M Lobo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - S R Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - G G Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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4
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Li Y, Liu S, Wang J, Rui X, Tian H, Li C, Guo C. In Silico Studies of Piperidine Derivatives as Protein Kinase B Inhibitors
through 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666211207105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Protein kinase B (Akt) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that drives the diverse
physiological process. Akt is a promising therapeutic target, which involves cancer cell growth, survival,
proliferation and metabolism.
Objective:
The study aims to design highly active Akt inhibitors, and to elucidate the structural requirements
for their biological activity, we analyzed the key binding features and summarized the structural
determinants for their bioactivities.
Methods:
A series of piperidine derivatives have been investigated employing three-dimensional quantitative
structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.
Results:
The statistics of the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model (Q2=0.631, R2=0.951)
and the comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) model (Q2=0.663, R2=0.966) indicated
that our 3D-QSAR model was accurate and reliable. Besides, the stability of receptor-ligand interactions
under physiological conditions was then evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation, in agreement
with the molecular docking results.
Conclusion:
Our study provided valuable insights for the discovery of potent Akt inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology,
Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology,
Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology,
Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Xue Rui
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Haobo Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Chenshuo Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology,
Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, P.R. China
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Ray R, Birangal SR, Fathima F, Boshoff HI, Forbes HE, Chandrashekhar RH, Shenoy GG. Molecular insights into Mmpl3 leads to the development of novel indole-2-carboxamides as antitubercular agents. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2022; 7:592-606. [PMID: 36186547 PMCID: PMC9518744 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an air-borne infectious disease and is the leading cause of death among all infectious diseases globally. The current treatment regimen for TB is overtly long and patient non-compliance often leads to drug resistant TB resulting in a need to develop new drugs that will act via novel mechanisms. In this research work, we selected Mycobacterium membrane protein large (MmpL3) as the drug target and indole-2-carboximide as our molecule of interest for further designing new molecules. A homology model was prepared for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MmpL3 from the crystal structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis MmpL3. A series of indoles which are known to be MmpL3 inhibitors were docked in the prepared protein and the binding site properties were identified. Based on that, 10 molecules were designed and synthesized and their antitubercular activities evaluated. We identified four hits among which the highest potency candidate possessed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56 μM at 2-weeks. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation studies were done with 3b and a previously reported MmpL3 inhibitor to understand the intricacies of their binding in real time and to correlate the experimental findings with the simulation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Pin: 576104
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Pin: 576104
| | - Fajeelath Fathima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Pin: 576104
| | - Helena I. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - He Eun Forbes
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raghu H. Chandrashekhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Pin: 576104
| | - Gautham G. Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Pin: 576104
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Girase R, Ahmad I, Pawara R, Patel H. Optimizing cardio, hepato and phospholipidosis toxicity of the Bedaquiline by chemoinformatics and molecular modelling approach. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:215-235. [PMID: 35225110 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2041724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The FDA granted expedited approval for Johnson and Johnson's Bedaquiline to treat pulmonary multidrug resistant tuberculosis on 28 December 2012 which is more common in China, Russian Federation and India. Bedaquiline is the first anti-tubercular drug approved by the FDA in the last 40 years, and it has become a cynosure in the circles of synthetic chemists researching new anti-tubercular drugs. Bedaquiline's highly lipophilic nature raises major concerns like suppression of the hERG gene, hepatotoxicity, and phospholipidosis despite its potential antitubercular profile. To address these toxicity concerns, in the present work, we have employed the structural optimization of Bedaquiline using the ADMETopt web server, which optimizes lead with scaffold hopping and ADMET screening. The ADMETopt web server yielded the 476 structures through optimization of three sites in Bedaquiline. Further, we have validated the optimized structures for their activity by performing molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against the mycobacterial ATP synthase enzyme and density functional theory (DFT) study further provides insight into the reactivity of the compounds. After screening and analysis, compound #449 was observed to be the most promising mycobacterial ATP synthase inhibitor with minimal cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and phospholipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Girase
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur Maharashtra, India
| | - I Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur Maharashtra, India
| | - R Pawara
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur Maharashtra, India
| | - H Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur Maharashtra, India
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Ray R, Birangal SR, Fathima F, Bhat GV, Rao M, Shenoy GG. Repurposing of approved drugs and nutraceuticals to identify potential inhibitors of SARS-COV-2’s entry into human host cells: a structural analysis using induced-fit docking, MMGBSA and molecular dynamics simulation approach. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.2016741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Fajeelath Fathima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - G. Varadaraj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - G. Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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8
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Khaldan A, Bouamrane S, El-mernissi R, Alaqarbeh M, Hajji H, Alsakhen N, Maghat H, Ajana MA, Sbai A, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. Computational study of quinoline-based thiadiazole compounds as potential antileishmanial inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a severe disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and it is accountable for sizable morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Khaldan
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Bouamrane
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Reda El-mernissi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Marwa Alaqarbeh
- National Agricultural Research Center, Al-Baqa 19381, Jordan
| | - Halima Hajji
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Nada Alsakhen
- The Hashemite University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Hamid Maghat
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Aziz Ajana
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahid Sbai
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
- EST Khenifra, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Benimellal, Morocco
| | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
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Bharadwaj S, Dubey A, Kamboj NK, Sahoo AK, Kang SG, Yadava U. Drug repurposing for ligand-induced rearrangement of Sirt2 active site-based inhibitors via molecular modeling and quantum mechanics calculations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10169. [PMID: 33986372 PMCID: PMC8119977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase enzyme has been reported to alter diverse biological functions in the cells and onset of diseases, including cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, which implicate the regulation of Sirt2 function as a potential drug target. Available Sirt2 inhibitors or modulators exhibit insufficient specificity and potency, and even partially contradictory Sirt2 effects were described for the available inhibitors. Herein, we applied computational screening and evaluation of FDA-approved drugs for highly selective modulation of Sirt2 activity via a unique inhibitory mechanism as reported earlier for SirReal2 inhibitor. Application of stringent molecular docking results in the identification of 48 FDA-approved drugs as selective putative inhibitors of Sirt2, but only top 10 drugs with docking scores > - 11 kcal/mol were considered in reference to SirReal2 inhibitor for computational analysis. The molecular dynamics simulations and post-simulation analysis of Sirt2-drug complexes revealed substantial stability for Fluphenazine and Nintedanib with Sirt2. Additionally, developed 3D-QSAR-models also support the inhibitory potential of drugs, which exclusively revealed highest activities for Nintedanib (pIC50 ≥ 5.90 µM). Conclusively, screened FDA-approved drugs were advocated as promising agents for Sirt2 inhibition and required in vitro investigation for Sirt2 targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus Pvt. Ltd., Kushinagar, 274203, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Kamboj
- School of Physical Sciences, DIT University, Dehradun, UK, 248001, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211015, India.
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
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Small organic molecules targeting the energy metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113139. [PMID: 33422979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Causing approximately 10 million incident cases and 1.3-1.5 million deaths every year, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global health problem. The risk is further exacerbated with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, the HIV pandemic, and increasing anti-TB drug resistance. Therefore, unexplored chemical scaffolds directed towards new molecular targets are increasingly desired. In this context, mycobacterial energy metabolism, particularly the oxidative phosphorylation (OP) pathway, is gaining importance. Mycobacteria possess primary dehydrogenases to fuel electron transport; aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase and bd-type menaquinol oxidase to generate a protonmotive force; and ATP synthase, which is essential for both growing mycobacteria as well as dormant mycobacteria because ATP is produced under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Small organic molecules targeting OP are active against latent TB as well as resistant TB strains. FDA approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline and the discovery of clinical candidate Q203, which both interfere with the cytochrome bc1 complex, have already confirmed mycobacterial energy metabolism to be a valuable anti-TB drug target. This review highlights both preferable molecular targets within mycobacterial OP and promising small organic molecules targeting OP. Progressive research in the area of mycobacterial OP revealed several highly potent anti-TB compounds with nanomolar-range MICs as low as 0.004 μM against Mtb H37Rv. Therefore, we are convinced that targeting the OP pathway can combat resistant TB and latent TB, leading to more efficient anti-TB chemotherapy.
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