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Patra A, Shah A, Singh DP, Roy A, Kumar S. Novel Self-Assembling Supramolecular Phenanthro[9,10-a]phenazine Discotic Liquid Crystals: Synthesis, Characterization and Charge Transport Studies. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400542. [PMID: 38940412 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of heteroatoms in the chemical structure of organic molecules has been identified as analogous to the doping process adopted in silicon semiconductors to influence the nature of charge carriers. This strategy has been an eye-opener for material chemists in synthesizing new materials for optoelectronic applications. Phenanthro[9,10-a]phenazine-based mesogens have been synthesized via a cyclo-condensation pathway involving triphenylene-based diketone and o-phenyl diamines. The incorporation of phenazine moiety as discussed in this paper, alters the symmetric nature of the triphenylene. The phenanthro[9,10-a]phenazine-based mesogens exhibit hole mobility in the order of 10-4 cm2/Vs as measured by the space-charge limited current (SCLC) technique. The current density in the SCLC device increases with increasing temperature which indicates that the charge transport is associated with the thermally activated hopping process. This report attempts to elucidate the self-organization of asymmetric phenanthro[9,10-a] phenazine in the supramolecular liquid crystalline state and their potential for the fabrication of high-temperature optoelectronic devices. However, the low charge carrier mobility can be one of the challenges for device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alakananda Patra
- Soft Condensed Matter, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, 560080, India
| | - Asmita Shah
- Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires (UDSMM), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), UR 4476, 62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Dharmendra Pratap Singh
- Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires (UDSMM), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), UR 4476, 62228, Calais cedex, France
| | - Arun Roy
- Soft Condensed Matter, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, 560080, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Soft Condensed Matter, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, 560080, India
- Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560064, India
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Dhingra S, Gupta SP, Shah A, Singh DP, Pal SK. Temperature-dependent hole mobility in pyrene-thiophene-based room-temperature discotic liquid crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2922-2925. [PMID: 38372127 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05707k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated pyrene-thiophene-based room-temperature discotic liquid crystals armed with four peripheral aliphatic chains are reported to study their potential use in a hole-transporting organic semiconductor. The charge carrier mobility studies using the ToF method revealed room temperature hole mobility in the order of 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for both mesogens. However, the mobility values for compound 1a were observed in the order of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 at high temperatures. Such molecular systems can potentially be used in nonlinear organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shallu Dhingra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | | | - Asmita Shah
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Calais cedex 62228, France
| | - Dharmendra Pratap Singh
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Calais cedex 62228, France
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
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Gupta M, Krishna Km A, Sony S, Dhingra S, Shah A, Singh DP. First examples of room-temperature discotic nematic liquid crystals exhibiting ambipolar charge carrier mobilities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10652-10655. [PMID: 37581217 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Four new room-temperature nematic liquid-crystalline (LC) dimers consisting of a wedge-shaped 3,4,5-tridecyloxy gallic ester molecule linked to either cyanobiphenyl, cholesteryl, pentaalkynylbenzene or triphenylene based moieties are reported. Dimers with pentaalkynylbenzene and triphenylene moieties in their room-temperature discotic nematic (ND) mesophase show ambipolar charge carrier mobilities of the order of 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively, as measured using a time-of-flight (ToF) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar (IIT-Ropar) Bara Phool, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Abhinand Krishna Km
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar (IIT-Ropar) Bara Phool, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Simran Sony
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar (IIT-Ropar) Bara Phool, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Shallu Dhingra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sector-81, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Asmita Shah
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Calais F-62228, France
| | - Dharmendra Pratap Singh
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Calais F-62228, France
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Abstract
With the advent of a new era of smart-technology, the demand for more economic optoelectronic materials that do not compromise with efficiency is gradually on the rise. Organic semiconductors provide greener alternatives to the conventional inorganic ones, but encounter the challenge of balancing charge carrier mobility with processability in devices. Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs), a class of self-assembling soft organic materials, possess the perfect degree of order and dynamics to address this challenge. Providing unidimensional charge carrier pathways through their nanoscale columnar architecture, DLCs can behave as efficient charge transport systems across a wide range of optoelectronic devices. Moreover, DLCs are solution-processable, thus reducing the fabrication cost. In this article, we have discussed the approaches towards developing DLCs as semiconductors, focusing on their molecular design concepts, supramolecular structures and electronic properties in the context of their charge carrier mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
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Shah A, Singh DP, Duponchel B, Krasisnski F, Daoudi A, Kumar S, Douali R. Molecular ordering dependent charge transport in π-stacked triphenylene based discotic liquid crystals and its correlation with dielectric properties. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Vadivel M, Singh S, Singh DP, Raghunathan VA, Kumar S. Ambipolar Charge Transport Properties of Naphthophenanthridine Discotic Liquid Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10364-10372. [PMID: 34482689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel naphthophenanthridine derivatives are synthesized via N-annulation of hexabutoxytriphenylene-1-amine with various aliphatic aldehydes through the Pictet-Spengler reaction. The synthesized derivatives have been found to self-assemble into a columnar hexagonal mesophase over a wide temperature range, as validated through polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction experiments. The photophysical properties of these compounds were studied using UV-visible and emission spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds exhibit ambipolar charge transport, showing temperature-independent electron and hole mobility on the order of 3 × 10-4 cm2/V s, as evaluated by the time-of-flight technique. These novel N-annulated derivatives can be of immense potential toward semiconducting applications of self-assembling supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marichandran Vadivel
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C.V.Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560080, India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C.V.Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560080, India
| | - Dharmendra Pratap Singh
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, Calais F-62228, France
| | - V A Raghunathan
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C.V.Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560080, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C.V.Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560080, India.,Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology (NMIT), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
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Termine R, Golemme A. Charge Mobility in Discotic Liquid Crystals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E877. [PMID: 33467214 PMCID: PMC7830985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discotic (disk-shaped) molecules or molecular aggregates may form, within a certain temperature range, partially ordered phases, known as discotic liquid crystals, which have been extensively studied in the recent past. On the one hand, this interest was prompted by the fact that they represent models for testing energy and charge transport theories in organic materials. However, their long-range self-assembling properties, potential low cost, ease of processability with a variety of solvents and the relative ease of tailoring their properties via chemical synthesis, drove the attention of researchers also towards the exploitation of their semiconducting properties in organic electronic devices. This review covers recent research on the charge transport properties of discotic mesophases, starting with an introduction to their phase structure, followed by an overview of the models used to describe charge mobility in organic substances in general and in these systems in particular, and by the description of the techniques most commonly used to measure their charge mobility. The reader already familiar or not interested in such details can easily skip these sections and refer to the core section of this work, focusing on the most recent and significant results regarding charge mobility in discotic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Termine
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC SS di Rende, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Della Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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