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Duijnstee EA, Gallant BM, Holzhey P, Kubicki DJ, Collavini S, Sturdza BK, Sansom HC, Smith J, Gutmann MJ, Saha S, Gedda M, Nugraha MI, Kober-Czerny M, Xia C, Wright AD, Lin YH, Ramadan AJ, Matzen A, Hung EYH, Seo S, Zhou S, Lim J, Anthopoulos TD, Filip MR, Johnston MB, Nicholas RJ, Delgado JL, Snaith HJ. Understanding the Degradation of Methylenediammonium and Its Role in Phase-Stabilizing Formamidinium Lead Triiodide. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10275-10284. [PMID: 37115733 PMCID: PMC10176466 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) is the leading candidate for single-junction metal-halide perovskite photovoltaics, despite the metastability of this phase. To enhance its ambient-phase stability and produce world-record photovoltaic efficiencies, methylenediammonium dichloride (MDACl2) has been used as an additive in FAPbI3. MDA2+ has been reported as incorporated into the perovskite lattice alongside Cl-. However, the precise function and role of MDA2+ remain uncertain. Here, we grow FAPbI3 single crystals from a solution containing MDACl2 (FAPbI3-M). We demonstrate that FAPbI3-M crystals are stable against transformation to the photoinactive δ-phase for more than one year under ambient conditions. Critically, we reveal that MDA2+ is not the direct cause of the enhanced material stability. Instead, MDA2+ degrades rapidly to produce ammonium and methaniminium, which subsequently oligomerizes to yield hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA). FAPbI3 crystals grown from a solution containing HMTA (FAPbI3-H) replicate the enhanced α-phase stability of FAPbI3-M. However, we further determine that HMTA is unstable in the perovskite precursor solution, where reaction with FA+ is possible, leading instead to the formation of tetrahydrotriazinium (THTZ-H+). By a combination of liquid- and solid-state NMR techniques, we show that THTZ-H+ is selectively incorporated into the bulk of both FAPbI3-M and FAPbI3-H at ∼0.5 mol % and infer that this addition is responsible for the improved α-phase stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Duijnstee
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M Gallant
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Holzhey
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Collavini
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Bernd K Sturdza
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry C Sansom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias J Gutmann
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX,United Kingdom
| | - Santanu Saha
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Murali Gedda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad I Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Manuel Kober-Czerny
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Chelsea Xia
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Wright
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J Ramadan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Matzen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Y-H Hung
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Seongrok Seo
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Suer Zhou
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jongchul Lim
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology (GEST), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marina R Filip
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Johnston
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Nicholas
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Luis Delgado
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Maymoun M, Oukahou S, Bahou Y, Hasnaoui A, Sbiaai K. Strain- and electric field-enhanced optical properties of the penta-siligraphene monolayer. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of biaxial strain and an external electric field on the optical properties of the penta-siligraphene monolayer are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Maymoun
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, LS2ME Laboratory, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - S. Oukahou
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, LS2ME Laboratory, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Y. Bahou
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, LS2ME Laboratory, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
- Univ Hassan 1, Laboratoire Rayonnement-Matière et Instrumentation (RMI), Fst Settat, KM 3 B.P. 577 route de Casablanca, 26000, Morocco
| | - A. Hasnaoui
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, LS2ME Laboratory, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - K. Sbiaai
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, LS2ME Laboratory, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
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Abdul Nasir J, Munir A, Ahmad N, Haq TU, Khan Z, Rehman Z. Photocatalytic Z-Scheme Overall Water Splitting: Recent Advances in Theory and Experiments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105195. [PMID: 34617345 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting is considered one of the most important and appealing approaches for the production of green H2 to address the global energy demand. The utmost possible form of artificial photosynthesis is a two-step photoexcitation known as "Z-scheme", which mimics the natural photosystem. This process solely relies on the effective coupling and suitable band positions of semiconductors (SCs) and redox mediators for the purpose to catalyze the surface chemical reactions and significantly deter the backward reaction. In recent years, the Z-scheme strategies and their key role have been studied progressively through experimental approaches. In addition, theoretical studies based on density functional theory have provided detailed insight into the mechanistic aspects of some breathtakingly complex problems associated with hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. In this context, this critical review gives an overview of the fundamentals of Z-scheme photocatalysis, including both theoretical and experimental advancements in the field of photocatalytic water splitting, and suggests future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Abdul Nasir
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Munir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, 1 Km, main Daska road, Sialkot, Punjab, 51310, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), DHA, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- University of Swat. Charbagh, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Ul Haq
- Sustainable Energy Engineering, Frank H. Dotterweich College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, 78363-8202, USA
| | - Zaibunisa Khan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Ziaur Rehman
- Kathleen Lonsdale Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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