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Longo DL, Carella A, Corrado A, Pirotta E, Mohanta Z, Singh A, Stabinska J, Liu G, McMahon MT. A snapshot of the vast array of diamagnetic CEST MRI contrast agents. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4715. [PMID: 35187749 PMCID: PMC9724179 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of CEST MRI in the 1990s, a number of compounds have been identified as suitable for generating contrast, including paramagnetic lanthanide complexes, hyperpolarized atom cages and, most interesting, diamagnetic compounds. In the past two decades, there has been a major emphasis in this field on the identification and application of diamagnetic compounds that have suitable biosafety profiles for usage in medical applications. Even in the past five years there has been a tremendous growth in their numbers, with more and more emphasis being placed on finding those that can be ultimately used for patient studies on clinical 3 T scanners. At this point, a number of endogenous compounds present in tissue have been identified, and also natural and synthetic organic compounds that can be administered to highlight pathology via CEST imaging. Here we will provide a very extensive snapshot of the types of diamagnetic compound that can generate CEST MRI contrast, together with guidance on their utility on typical preclinical and clinical scanners and a review of the applications that might benefit the most from this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Carella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Corrado
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Pirotta
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Zinia Mohanta
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aruna Singh
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Stabinska
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Bo S, Stabinska J, Wu Y, Pavuluri K, Singh A, Mohanta Z, Choudhry R, Kates M, Sedaghat F, Bhujwalla Z, Pomper MG, McMahon MT. Exploring the potential of the novel imidazole-4,5-dicarboxyamide chemical exchange saturation transfer scaffold for pH and perfusion imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4894. [PMID: 36543742 PMCID: PMC10200726 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe and assess the potential of 14 newly synthesized imidazole-4,5-dicarboxyamides (I45DCs) for pH and perfusion imaging. A number of these aromatic compounds possess large labile proton chemical shifts (up to 7.7 ppm from water) because of their intramolecular hydrogen bonds and a second labile proton to allow for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) signal ratio-based pH measurements. We have found that the contrast produced is strong for a wide range of substitutions and that the inflection points in the CEST signal ratio versus pH plots used to generate concentration-independent pH maps can be adjusted based on these subsitutions to tune the pH range that can be measured. These I45DC CEST agents have advantages over the triiodobenzenes currently employed for tumor and kidney pH mapping, both preclinically and in initial human studies. Finally, as CEST MRI combined with exogenous contrast has the potential to detect functional changes in the kidneys, we evaluated our highest performing anionic compound (I45DC-diGlu) on a unilateral urinary obstruction mouse model and observed lower contrast uptake in the obstructed kidney compared with the unobstructed kidney and that the unobstructed kidney displayed a pH of ~ 6.5 while the obstructed kidney had elevated pH and an increased range in pH values. Based on this, we conclude that the I45DCs have excellent imaging properties and hold promise for a variety of medical imaging applications, particularly renal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Bo
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julia Stabinska
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yunkou Wu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - KowsalyaDevi Pavuluri
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aruna Singh
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zinia Mohanta
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rehan Choudhry
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Max Kates
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Farzad Sedaghat
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zaver Bhujwalla
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
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Pandey S, Ghosh R, Ghosh A. Preparation of Hydrothermal Carbon Quantum Dots as a Contrast Amplifying Technique for the diaCEST MRI Contrast Agents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33934-33941. [PMID: 36188278 PMCID: PMC9520682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of exogenous contrast agents (CAs) is one of the key factors behind the success and widespread acceptability of MRI as an imaging tool. To the long list of CAs, the newest addition is the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)-based CAs. Among them, the diaCEST CAs are the safer metal-free option constituted by a large pool of organic and macromolecules, but the tradeoff comes in terms of smaller natural offset. Another major challenge for the CEST CAs is that they need to operate in the tens of millimolar concentration range to produce any meaningful contrast. The quest for high efficiency diaCEST agents has led to a number of strategies such as use of hydrogen bonding, use of equivalent protons, and use of diatropic ring current. Here, we present carbon quantum dot formation using hydrothermal treatment as a new strategy to amplify diaCEST contrast efficiency. We show that while the well-known analgesic drug lidocaine hydrochloride when repurposed as a diaCEST CA produces no contrast at the physiological pH and temperature, the carbon dots prepared from it elevate the physiological contrast to a sizable 11%. Also, the maximum efficiency at an acidic pH gets amplified by a factor of 2 to 46%. The study showed that the enhancement in CEST efficiency is reproducible and the pH response of these carbon dots is tunable through variation in synthesis conditions such as temperature, duration, and precursor concentration.
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Pandey S, Chakraborty S, Ghosh R, Radhakrishnan D, Peruncheralathan S, Ghosh A. The role of hydrogen bonding in tuning CEST contrast efficiency: a comparative study of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of different diacetamide isomers shows the influence of hydrogen-bonding networks in tuning the diaCEST MRI contrast efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Pandey
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Subhayan Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Rimilmandrita Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Divya Radhakrishnan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Peruncheralathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Pandey S, Keerthana AC, Madhulika S, Prasad P, Peruncheralathan S, Ghosh A. Hydrothermal treatment as a means of improving the solubility and enhancing the diaCEST MRI contrast efficiency. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dot formation through the hydrothermal treatment of amino-thioamide improves the diaCEST contrast efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Pandey
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER), HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Anil C. Keerthana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER), HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Swati Madhulika
- Chromatin and Epigenetic group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Punit Prasad
- Chromatin and Epigenetic group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - S. Peruncheralathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER), HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER), HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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Chakraborty S, Peruncheralathan S, Ghosh A. Paracetamol and other acetanilide analogs as inter-molecular hydrogen bonding assisted diamagnetic CEST MRI contrast agents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6526-6534. [PMID: 35423188 PMCID: PMC8694904 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol and a few other acetanilide derivatives are reported as a special class of diamagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (diaCEST) MRI contrast agents, that exhibit contrast only when the molecules form inter-molecular hydrogen bonding mediated molecular chains or sheets. Without the protection of the hydrogen bonding their contrast producing labile proton exchanges too quickly with the solvent to produce any appreciable contrast. Through a number of variable temperature experiments we demonstrate that under the conditions when the hydrogen bond network breaks and the high exchange returns back, the contrast drops quickly. The well-known analgesic drug paracetamol shows 12% contrast at a concentration of 15 mM at physiological conditions. With the proven safety track-record for human consumption and appreciable physiological contrast, paracetamol shows promise as a diaCEST agent for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - S Peruncheralathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI Bhubaneswar 752050 Odisha India
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