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Liang X, Karnaukh KM, Zhao L, Seshadri S, DuBose AJ, Bailey SJ, Cao Q, Cooper M, Xu H, Haggmark M, Helgeson ME, Gordon M, Luzzatto-Fegiz P, Read de Alaniz J, Zhu Y. Dynamic Manipulation of Droplets on Liquid-Infused Surfaces Using Photoresponsive Surfactant. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:684-694. [PMID: 38559290 PMCID: PMC10979485 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fast and programmable transport of droplets on a substrate is desirable in microfluidic, thermal, biomedical, and energy devices. Photoresponsive surfactants are promising candidates to manipulate droplet motion due to their ability to modify interfacial tension and generate "photo-Marangoni" flow under light stimuli. Previous works have demonstrated photo-Marangoni droplet migration in liquid media; however, migration on other substrates, including solid and liquid-infused surfaces (LIS), remains an outstanding challenge. Moreover, models of photo-Marangoni migration are still needed to identify optimal photoswitches and assess the feasibility of new applications. In this work, we demonstrate 2D droplet motion on liquid surfaces and on LIS, as well as rectilinear motion in solid capillary tubes. We synthesize photoswitches based on spiropyran and merocyanine, capable of tension changes of up to 5.5 mN/m across time scales as short as 1.7 s. A millimeter-sized droplet migrates at up to 5.5 mm/s on a liquid, and 0.25 mm/s on LIS. We observe an optimal droplet size for fast migration, which we explain by developing a scaling model. The model also predicts that faster migration is enabled by surfactants that maximize the ratio between the tension change and the photoswitching time. To better understand migration on LIS, we visualize the droplet flow using tracer particles, and we develop corresponding numerical simulations, finding reasonable agreement. The methods and insights demonstrated in this study enable advances for manipulation of droplets for microfluidic, thermal and water harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Liang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Kseniia M. Karnaukh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Serena Seshadri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Austin J. DuBose
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Sophia J. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Qixuan Cao
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Marielle Cooper
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Michael Haggmark
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Michael Gordon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Paolo Luzzatto-Fegiz
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Yangying Zhu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
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Song J, Zhang J, Krishna Mani S, Sen A. Droplet Navigation by Photothermal Pumping in an Optofluidic System. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11486-11491. [PMID: 36067338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Droplets with guided motion have potential applications as microreactors and delivery vehicles. Directing long-range migration powered solely by light is particularly advantageous since light can be applied remotely, patterned with a photomask, and readily translated to irradiate specified locations. Herein, we describe a universal platform that allows fast directional navigation and collective merging of droplets controlled by either ultraviolet or visible light. The guided motion of water and oil droplets follows density-driven convective flows arising from photothermal conversion at a light-absorbing amphiphobic substrate. Because of the relatively high photothermal efficiency, a low-intensity light beam can be employed. Further, we demonstrate that the moving droplets can function as carriers and on-demand reaction chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Song
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sanjana Krishna Mani
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Yucknovsky A, Rich BB, Gutkin S, Ramanthrikkovil Variyam A, Shabat D, Pokroy B, Amdursky N. Application of Super Photoacids in Controlling Dynamic Processes: Light-Triggering the Self-Propulsion of Oil Droplets. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6331-6337. [PMID: 35959566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic control of pH-responsive systems is at the heart of many natural and artificial processes. Here, we use photoacids, molecules that dissociate only in their excited state and transfer their proton to nearby proton acceptors, for the dynamic control of processes. A problem arises when there is a need to protonate highly acidic acceptors. We solve this problem using super photoacids that have an excited-state pKa of -8, thus enabling them to protonate very weak proton acceptors. The process that we target is the light-triggered self-propulsion of droplets, initiated by an excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) from a super photoacid donor to a surfactant acceptor situated on the surface of the droplet with a pKa of ∼0. We first confirm using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy that a super photoacid can undergo ESPT to the acidic surfactant, whereas a "regular" photoacid cannot. Next, we show self-propulsion of the droplet upon irradiating the solvated super photoacid. We further confirm the protonation of the surfactant on the surface of the droplet using transient surface tension measurements. Our system is the first example of the application of super photoacids to control dynamic processes and opens new possibilities in the field of light-triggered dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yucknovsky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Benjamin B Rich
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Sara Gutkin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Babu D, Katsonis N, Lancia F, Plamont R, Ryabchun A. Motile behaviour of droplets in lipid systems. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:377-388. [PMID: 37117430 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motility is the capacity for living organisms to move autonomously and with purpose, and is essential to life. The transition from abiotic chemistry into motile cellular compartments has yet to be understood, but motile behaviour likely followed chemical evolution because primeval cell survival depended on scouting for resources effectively. Minimalistic motile systems provide an experimental framework to delineate the emergence mechanisms of such an evolutionary asset. In this Review, we discuss frontier developments in controlling the movement of droplets in lipid systems, in particular, chemotactic behaviours driven by fluctuations in interfacial tension, because of its simple mechanism and prebiotic relevance. Although most efforts have focused on designing oil droplet motility in lipid-rich aqueous solutions, we highlight that water droplets can also move in lipid-enriched oils. First, we describe how droplets evolve chemotactic motility in lipid systems. Next, we review how these oil droplets can adapt their movement to illumination conditions. Finally, we discuss examples where chemical reactivity brings complexity to motility. This work contributes to systems chemistry, where chemical reactions combined with physicochemical phenomena can yield new functions, such that a limited set of molecules can promote complex movement at larger functional scales by following the rules of molecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Babu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Federico Lancia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Remi Plamont
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Spatial, temporal, and remote control of proton chemistry can be achieved by using photoacids, which are molecules that transform from weak to strong acids under light. Most of proton chemistry is driven by a high concentration of protons ([H+]), which is difficult to obtain using excited-state photoacids. Metastable-stable state photoacids (mPAHs) can reversibly generate a high [H+] under visible light with a moderate intensity. It has been widely applied in different fields, e.g. fueling dissipative assemblies, driving molecular machines, controlling organic reactions, powering nanoreactors, curing diseases, manipulating DNA and proteins, developing smart materials, capturing carbon dioxide in air etc. This article compares mPAH with excited-state photoacid as well as common acids e.g. HCl to explain its advantages. Recent studies on the thermal dynamics, kinetics, and photoreaction of mPAHs are reported. The advantages and disadvantages of the three types of mPAHs, i.e. merocyanine, indazole, and TCF mPAHs, are compared with regard to photo-induced [H+], switching rate, and other properties. The mechanisms of controlling or driving functional systems, which involve acid-base reactions, acid catalyzed reactions, ionic bonding, coordination bonding, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, cation-π interaction, solubility, swellability, permeability, and pH change in biosystems, are described. Applications of mPAHs in the chemical, material, energy, biotechnology and biomedical fields published in the past 5 years are reviewed. Prospects in the development and application of mPAHs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, Florida, USA.
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