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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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2
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Manganese(III) complexes with tetradentate O^C^C^O ligands: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic studies on the CO2 cycloaddition with epoxides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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3
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Said A, Zhang G, Liu C, Wang D, Niu H, Liu Y, Chen G, Tung CH, Wang Y. A butterfly-like lead-doped titanium-oxide compound with high performance in photocatalytic cycloaddition of CO 2 to epoxide. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2392-2403. [PMID: 36723215 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to epoxides is quite promising for CO2 capture and storage as well as the production of value-added fine chemicals. Herein, a novel atomically precise lead-doped titanium-oxide cluster with the formula Ti10Pb2O16(phen)4(Ac)12(DMF)2 (denoted as Ti10Pb2; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; Ac = acetate; DMF = dimethylformamide) was synthesized through a facile solvothermal process, and is a molecular photocatalyst with surface-anchored main-group metal active sites. Its structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and other complementary techniques. Ti10Pb2 showed high photo-response and charge-separation efficiency under simulated sunlight irradiation. Ti10Pb2 was successfully used in the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides under solvent-free conditions. While its catalytic activity due to the Lewis acidity was moderate, simulated solar light irradiation further enhanced the reaction rate, demonstrating the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and Lewis-acid thermocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Said
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Guanyun Zhang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Dexin Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Huihui Niu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yanshu Liu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Guanjie Chen
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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Hu H, Li Y, Li Y, Sun Y, Li Y. Carbamoyl Manganese Complexes for Epoxidation of Alkenes and Cycloaddition of Epoxides to Carbon Dioxide. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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5
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Gou F, Bian Q, Pan H, Li J, Tang H, Jiang X. Bisimidazole-functionalized manganese porphyrin promoted cycloaddition of epoxides and CO2 under atmospheric pressure. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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6
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Bezerra WDA, Milani JLS, Franco CHDJ, Martins FT, de Fátima Â, da Mata ÁFA, das Chagas RP. Bis-benzimidazolium salts as bifunctional organocatalysts for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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8
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Milani JLS, da Mata ÁFA, Oliveira IS, Valdo AKSM, Martins FT, Rabelo R, Cangussu D, Cano J, Lloret F, Julve M, das Chagas RP. Single-molecule magnet behaviour and catalytic properties of tetrahedral Co(II) complexes bearing chloride and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole as ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12258-12270. [PMID: 35895288 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five cobalt(II) complexes of formula [CoCl2(Ln)2] [1 with L1 = 1-benzyl-2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole, 2 with L2 = 2-(furan-2-yl)-1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 3 with L3 = 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 4 with L4 = 1-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole and 5 with L5 = 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole] have been synthesised, spectroscopically characterised and cryomagnetically investigated. The crystal structures of 1, 3, 4 and 5 have been determined by X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Each cobalt(II) ion is four-coordinate in a distorted tetrahedral environment built by two chloride anions and two benzimidazole ligands. The neutral molecules are well separated from each other, shortest intermolecular cobalt⋯cobalt distances being greater than 9.0 Å. Static (dc) magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 2.0-300 K of 1-5 reveal the occurrence of a Curie law behaviour of magnetically non-interacting spin quadruplets in the high-temperature domain with a downturn at low temperatures due to magnetic anisotropy. The values of the D and E/D parameters for these compounds vary in the ranges -8.75 to +8.96 cm-1 and 0.00140 to 0.23, respectively. Dynamic (ac) magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1-5 show slow magnetic relaxation in the lack (1) or under the presence (1-5) of applied dc magnetic fields, a feature which is typical of single-molecule magnet behaviour (SMM). The analysis of the ac data shows that a thermally activated Orbach relaxation mechanism dominates this behaviour. Complexes 1-5 also act as efficient and highly selective eco-friendly catalysts in the coupling reaction between CO2 and epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates under solvent-free conditions. Under optimized reaction conditions, different epoxides were converted to the respective cyclic carbonate, with excellent conversions, using catalyst 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luiz Sônego Milani
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. .,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ana Karoline Silva Mendanha Valdo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. .,Instituto Federal Goiano, IF Goiano, Iporá, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Rabelo
- Universitat de València, Departament de Química Inorgánica/Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Paterna, València, Spain.
| | - Danielle Cangussu
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Joan Cano
- Universitat de València, Departament de Química Inorgánica/Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Paterna, València, Spain.
| | - Francesc Lloret
- Universitat de València, Departament de Química Inorgánica/Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Paterna, València, Spain.
| | - Miguel Julve
- Universitat de València, Departament de Química Inorgánica/Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Paterna, València, Spain.
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Chen T, Liu C, Tsai M. Oxovanadium(V) catalysts for the
CO
2
fixation into cyclic carbonates under ambient pressure. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Li Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
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10
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Nickel–cobalt hydroxide catalysts for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Ma J, Wu Y, Yan X, Chen C, Wu T, Fan H, Liu Z, Han B. Efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO 2 under ambient conditions over Zn(betaine) 2Br 2: experimental and theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4298-4304. [PMID: 35107469 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05553d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is very interesting to synthesize high value-added chemicals from CO2 under mild conditions with low energy consumption. Here, we report that a novel catalyst, Zn(betaine)2Br2, can efficiently promote the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates under ambient conditions (30 °C, 1 atm). DFT calculations provide important insights into the mechanism, particularly the unusual synergistic catalytic action of Zn2+, Br- and NR4+, which is the critical factor for the outstanding performance of Zn(betaine)2Br2. The unique features of the catalyst are that it is cheap, green and very easy to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yahui Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xupeng Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunjun Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tianbin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Honglei Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, No. 5 Yanqi East Second Street, Beijing 101400, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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12
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Fu HQ, Mao H, Wang C, Yin K, Jin M, Dong Z, Zhao Y, Liu J. The Al( iii)-based polydentate chelate complex catalyzed cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and epoxides: synthetic optimization and mechanistic study. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aimed at greenhouse gas CO2 high value-added utilization, a N,N′-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipicolinamide (PPPA) supported Al(iii) metal–organic polydentate chelate complex (Al-PPPA) was designed and used to efficiently catalyze CO2 to cyclic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Fu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifang Mao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, School of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, 100 West Qinghe Road, Fuyang, Anhui, 236037, China
| | - Miaomiao Jin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbiao Dong
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
| | - Jibo Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, 201418, Shanghai, China
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13
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Arruda da Mata ÁF, Glanzmann N, Fazza Stroppa PH, Terra Martins F, das Chagas RP, da Silva AD, Milani JLS. Single-component, metal-free, solvent-free HO-functionalized 1,2,3-triazole-based ionic liquid catalysts for efficient CO 2 conversion. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of HO-functionalized 1,2,3-triazolic ionic liquids (1–9b) bearing different alkyl chains and counter-anions was evaluated as green, single-component, bifunctional catalysts for cycloaddition reactions involving CO2 and epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Glanzmann
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Adilson David da Silva
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora – UFJF Juiz de Fora – MG, Brazil
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