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Qi K, Imparato C, Almjasheva O, Khataee A, Zheng W. TiO 2-based photocatalysts from type-II to S-scheme heterojunction and their applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:150-191. [PMID: 38968635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising sustainable technology to remove organic pollution and convert solar energy into chemical energy. Titanium dioxide has drawn extensive attention in this field owing to its high activity under UV light, good chemical stability, large availability, low price and low toxicity. However, the poor quantum efficiency derived from fast electron/hole recombination, the limited utilization of sunlight, and a weak reducing ability still hinder its practical application. Among the modification strategies of TiO2 to enhance its performance, the construction of heterojunctions with other semiconductors is a powerful and versatile way to maximise the separation of photogenerated charge carriers and steer their transport toward enhanced efficiency and selectivity. Here, the research progress and current status of TiO2 modification are reviewed, focusing on heterojunctions. A rapid evolution of the understanding of the different charge transfer mechanisms is witnessed from traditional type II to the recently conceptualised S-scheme. Particular attention is paid to different synthetic approaches and interface engineering methods designed to improve and control the interfacial charge transfer, and several cases of TiO2 heterostructures with metal oxides, metal sulfides and carbon nitride are discussed. The application hotspots of TiO2-based photocatalysts are summarized, including hydrogen generation by water splitting, solar fuel production by CO2 conversion, and the degradation of organic water pollutants. Hints about less studied and emerging processes are also provided. Finally, the main issues and challenges related to the sustainability and scalability of photocatalytic technologies in view of their commercialization are highlighted, outlining future directions of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Claudio Imparato
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Oksana Almjasheva
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Chen Y, Cheng M, Lai C, Wei Z, Zhang G, Li L, Tang C, Du L, Wang G, Liu H. The Collision between g-C 3 N 4 and QDs in the Fields of Energy and Environment: Synergistic Effects for Efficient Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205902. [PMID: 36592425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has attracted increasing interest due to its visible light absorption, suitable energy band structure, and excellent stability. However, low specific surface area, finite visible light response range (<460 nm), and rapid photogenerated electron-hole (e- -h+ ) pairs recombination of the pristine g-C3 N4 limit its practical applications. The small size of quantum dots (QDs) endows the properties of abundant active sites, wide absorption spectrum, and adjustable bandgap, but inevitable aggregation. Studies have confirmed that the integration of g-C3 N4 and QDs not only overcomes these limitations of individual component, but also successfully inherits each advantage. Encouraged by these advantages, the synthetic strategies and the fundamental of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites are briefly elaborated in this review. Particularly, the synergistic effects of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites are analyzed comprehensively, including the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance and the avoidance of aggregation. Then, the photocatalytic applications of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites in the fields of environment and energy are described and further combined with DFT calculation to further reveal the reaction mechanisms. Moreover, the stability and reusability of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites are analyzed. Finally, the future development of these composites and the solution of existing problems are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Gaoxia Zhang
- Carbon Neutrality Research Institute of Power China Jiangxi Electric Power Construction Co., Ltd., Nanchang, 330001, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chensi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Li Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guangfu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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3
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Liu Z, Zhang C, Liu L, Zhang T, Wang J, Wang R, Du T, Yang C, Zhang L, Xie L, Zhu W, Yue T, Wang J. A Conductive Network and Dipole Field for Harnessing Photogenerated Charge Kinetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104099. [PMID: 34569113 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated charge separation and directional transfer to active sites are pivotal steps in photocatalysis, which limit the efficiency of redox reactions. Here, a conductive network and dipole field are employed to harness photogenerated charge kinetics by using a Ti3 C2 /TiO2 network (TTN). The TTN exhibits a prolonged charge-carrier lifetime (1.026 ns) and an 11.76-fold increase in hexavalent chromium photoreduction reaction kinetics compared to TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). This super photocatalytic performance is derived from the efficient photogenerated charge kinetics, which is steered by the conductive network and dipole field. The conductivity enhancement of the TiO2 network is achieved by continuous chemical bonds, which promotes electron-hole (e-h) separation. In addition, at the interface of Ti3 C2 and TiO2 , band bending induced by the dipole field promotes photogenerated electron spatially directed transfer to the catalytic sites on Ti3 C2 . This study demonstrates that a conductive network and dipole field offer a new concept to harness charge kinetics for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ting Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Linxuan Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
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Wang J, Lin W, Zhou S, Li Z, Hu H, Tao Y, Zhou S, Zhao X, Kong Y. Probing the formation and optical properties of Ti 3+–TiO 2 with (001) exposed crystal facet by ethanol-assisted fluorination. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(001)-faceted TiO2 with Ti3+ defects that are exclusively embedded in the bulk lattice near the surface was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Shulan Zhou
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute
- Jingdezhen 333403
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter
- D-22761 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Yinglong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Shijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Xian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Material
- Institute of Crystal Material
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
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5
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Ferreira-Neto EP, Ullah S, Perissinotto AP, de Vicente FS, Ribeiro SJL, Worsley MA, Rodrigues-Filho UP. Prussian blue as a co-catalyst for enhanced Cr( vi) photocatalytic reduction promoted by titania-based nanoparticles and aerogels. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nanostructured Prussian blue layer deposited on titania-based materials acts as an efficient electron acceptor/mediator greatly enhancing Cr(vi) photocatalytic reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Ullah
- Institute of Chemistry
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)
- Araraquara
- Brazil
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
| | | | - Fábio S. de Vicente
- Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences
- Department of Physics
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)
- Rio Claro
- Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Andre Worsley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore
- USA
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6
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Pak S, Ri K, Xu C, Ji Q, Sun D, Qi C, Yang S, He H, Pak M. Fabrication of g-C 3N 4/Y-TiO 2 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic activity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The g-C3N4/Y-TiO2 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic activity that use yttrium instead of noble metals was successfully manufactured.
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Affiliation(s)
- SongSik Pak
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Hamhung University of Chemical Industry, Hamhung, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - KwangChol Ri
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Hamhung University of Chemical Industry, Hamhung, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Chenmin Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyi Ji
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Dunyu Sun
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengdu Qi
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - MyongNam Pak
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
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