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Azadi E, Dinari M, Derakhshani M, Reid KR, Karimi B. Sources and Extraction of Biopolymers and Manufacturing of Bio-Based Nanocomposites for Different Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:4406. [PMID: 39339400 PMCID: PMC11433844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the recent era, bio-nanocomposites represent an emerging group of nanostructured hybrid materials and have been included in a new field at the frontier of materials science, life sciences, and nanotechnology. These biohybrid materials reveal developed structural and functional features of great attention for diverse uses. These materials take advantage of the synergistic assembling of biopolymers with nanometer-sized reinforcements. Conversely, polysaccharides have received great attention due to their several biological properties like antimicrobial and antioxidant performance. They mainly originated in different parts of plants, animals, seaweed, and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts). Polysaccharide-based nanocomposites have great features, like developed physical, structural, and functional features; affordability; biodegradability; and biocompatibility. These bio-based nanocomposites have been applied in biomedical, water treatment, food industries, etc. This paper will focus on the very recent trends in bio-nanocomposite based on polysaccharides for diverse applications. Sources and extraction methods of polysaccharides and preparation methods of their nanocomposites will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Azadi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; (E.A.)
| | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; (E.A.)
| | - Maryam Derakhshani
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; (E.A.)
| | - Katelyn R. Reid
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Benson Karimi
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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Alwahsh W, Sahudin S, Alkhatib H, Bostanudin MF, Alwahsh M. Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Pulmonary and Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Overview of their Applications. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:492-511. [PMID: 38676513 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501301747240417103321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of respiratory health is important, and one avenue for achieving this is through the application of both Pulmonary Drug Delivery System (PDDS) and Intranasal Delivery (IND). PDDS offers immediate delivery of medication to the respiratory system, providing advantages, such as sustained regional drug concentration, tunable drug release, extended duration of action, and enhanced patient compliance. IND, renowned for its non-invasive nature and swift onset of action, presents a promising path for advancement. Modern PDDS and IND utilize various polymers, among which chitosan (CS) stands out. CS is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide with unique physicochemical properties, making it well-suited for medical and pharmaceutical applications. The multiple positively charged amino groups present in CS facilitate its interaction with negatively charged mucous membranes, allowing CS to adsorb easily onto the mucosal surface. In addition, CS-based nanocarriers have been an important topic of research. Polymeric Nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, dendrimers, microspheres, nanoemulsions, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), carbon nanotubes, and modified effective targeting systems compete as important ways of increasing pulmonary drug delivery with chitosan. This review covers the latest findings on CS-based nanocarriers and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Alwahsh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shariza Sahudin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-Ur-Rahman Institute of Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hatim Alkhatib
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Mohammad Alwahsh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130, Amman, 11733, Jordan
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Veiskarami A, Sardari D, Malekie S, Mofrad FB, Kashian S. Computational prediction of electrical percolation threshold in polymer/graphene-based nanocomposites with finite element method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022; 42:936-945. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research work, a two-dimensional model to predict the electrical percolation threshold (EPT) of the polymer/graphene-based nanocomposites in different concentrations of the randomly dispersed inclusions in various polymer matrices is introduced using the finite element method (FEM). The predicted EPT values were validated by other experimental results for different nanocomposites. Results showed that the electrical conductivity of different nanocomposites is significantly related to the percentage weight of the reinforcing phase in the polymer matrix. Furthermore, the addition of graphene-based nano-fillers in the polymer matrix caused a decrease in the tunneling distance in nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Veiskarami
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Dariush Sardari
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shahryar Malekie
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute , P.O. Box 31485-498 , Karaj , Iran
| | - Farshid Babapour Mofrad
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sedigheh Kashian
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute , P.O. Box 31485-498 , Karaj , Iran
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Veiskarami A, Sardari D, Malekie S, Mofrad FB, Kashian S. Computational prediction of electrical percolation threshold in polymer/graphene-based nanocomposites with finite element method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022; 42:936-945. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2022-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research work, a two-dimensional model to predict the electrical percolation threshold (EPT) of the polymer/graphene-based nanocomposites in different concentrations of the randomly dispersed inclusions in various polymer matrices is introduced using the finite element method (FEM). The predicted EPT values were validated by other experimental results for different nanocomposites. Results showed that the electrical conductivity of different nanocomposites is significantly related to the percentage weight of the reinforcing phase in the polymer matrix. Furthermore, the addition of graphene-based nano-fillers in the polymer matrix caused a decrease in the tunneling distance in nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Veiskarami
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Dariush Sardari
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shahryar Malekie
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute , P.O. Box 31485-498 , Karaj , Iran
| | - Farshid Babapour Mofrad
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sedigheh Kashian
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute , P.O. Box 31485-498 , Karaj , Iran
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Mallakpour S, Tabesh F, Hussain CM. Potential of tragacanth gum in the industries: a short journey from past to the future. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mallakpour S, Azadi E, Hussain CM. Fabrication of air filters with advanced filtration performance for removal of viral aerosols and control the spread of COVID-19. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102653. [PMID: 35349924 PMCID: PMC8937611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused via the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a lipid-based enveloped virus with spike-like projections. At present, the global epidemic of COVID-19 continues and waves of SARS-CoV-2, the mutant Delta and Omicron variant which are associated with enhanced transmissibility and evasion to vaccine-induced immunity have increased hospitalization and mortality, the biggest challenge we face is whether we will be able to overcome this virus? On the other side, warm seasons and heat have increased the need for proper ventilation systems to trap contaminants containing the virus. Besides, heat and sweating accelerate the growth of microorganisms. For example, medical staff that is in the front line use masks for a long time, and their facial sweat causes microbes to grow on the mask. Nowadays, efficient air filters with anti-viral and antimicrobial properties have received a lot of attention, and are used to make ventilation systems or medical masks. A wide range of materials plays an important role in the production of efficient air filters. For example, metals, metal oxides, or antimicrobial metal species that have anti-viral and antimicrobial properties, including Ag, ZnO, TiO2, CuO, and Cu played a role in this regard. Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, or derivatives have also shown their role well. In addition, natural materials such as biopolymers such as alginate, and herbal extracts are employed to prepare effective air filters. In this review, we summarized the utilization of diverse materials in the preparation of efficient air filters to apply in the preparation of medical masks and ventilation systems. In the first part, the employing metal and metal oxides is examined, and the second part summarizes the application of carbon materials for the fabrication of air filters. After examination of the performance of natural materials, challenges and progress visions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Elham Azadi
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Nicolle L, Journot CMA, Gerber-Lemaire S. Chitosan Functionalization: Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions and Their Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4118. [PMID: 34883621 PMCID: PMC8659004 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that has gained great interest in many research fields due to its promising biocompatibility, biodegradability, and favorable mechanical properties. The versatility of this low-cost polymer allows for a variety of chemical modifications via covalent conjugation and non-covalent interactions, which are designed to further improve the properties of interest. This review aims at presenting the broad range of functionalization strategies reported over the last five years to reflect the state-of-the art of CS derivatization. We start by describing covalent modifications performed on the CS backbone, followed by non-covalent CS modifications involving small molecules, proteins, and metal adjuvants. An overview of CS-based systems involving both covalent and electrostatic modification patterns is then presented. Finally, a special focus will be given on the characterization techniques commonly used to qualify the composition and physical properties of CS derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (L.N.); (C.M.A.J.)
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Chang Z, Zhang C, Yao B. Novel dual-sensitization electrochemiluminescence immunosensor using photopermeable Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -doped chitosan/SiO 2 nanoparticles as labels and chitosan-decorated Nafion/MWNTs composites as enhancer. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 37:58-71. [PMID: 34633751 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel dual-sensitization electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor for the detection of tumour protein prostate specific antigen (PSA) at trace level using Ru(bpy)3 2+ -doped chitosan/SiO2 nanoparticles (Ru(bpy)3 2+ /chitosan/SiO2 NPs) as the first signal enhancers was fabricated. Due to chitosan with excellent pore forming capacity, these nanoparticles possess porous structures and better photopermeability, and therefore have higher luminescence efficiencies compared with Ru(bpy)3 2+ /SiO2 NPs reported in previous publications. Conversely, chitosan with good biocompatibility and high hydrophilicity was electrochemically decorated onto a Nafion/multiwall carbon nanotubes (Nafion/MWNTs) modified electrode surface and used as the second sensitizing matrix to seize large amounts of prostate specific capture antibody (Ab1 ). The chitosan-decorated Nafion/MWNTs composites exhibited a 5.5-times higher ECL intensity than the unadorned Nafion/MWNTs films. Also, without additional reagents, such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS), the one-step functionalized Ru(bpy)3 2+ /chitosan/SiO2 NPs provided a large number of active arms to connect with PSA-detected antibodies (Ab2 ) through the amino groups in chitosan. After a sandwich immunoreaction, the PSA antigen and Ru(bpy)3 2+ /chitosan/SiO2 NPs-labelled Ab2 were sequentially captured onto the Ab1 /chitosan/Nafion/MWNTs-modified electrode surface. The ECL signal increases were linearly related to the PSA antigen concentrations and ranged from 0.01 pg·mLl-1 to 10.0 pg·mLl-1 . Under the optimized experimental conditions, the immunosensor displayed excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The detection limit was as low as 3.4 fg·mLl-1 , equivalent to, or better than, those of the reported ECL immunosensors for PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry of College of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry of College of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Binghua Yao
- Department of Applied Chemistry of College of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
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Farazin A, Mohammadimehr M, Ghasemi AH, Naeimi H. Design, preparation, and characterization of CS/PVA/SA hydrogels modified with mesoporous Ag 2O/SiO 2 and curcumin nanoparticles for green, biocompatible, and antibacterial biopolymer film. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32775-32791. [PMID: 35493577 PMCID: PMC9042220 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant factors affecting the rapid and effective healing of wounds is the application of appropriate wound dressings. In the present study, novel antibacterial wound dressings are fabricated that consist of Chitosan (CS)/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Sodium Alginate (SA), which are all biocompatible, functionalized with mesoporous Ag2O/SiO2 and curcumin nanoparticles as reinforcements. In this research nanocomposites are fabricated (0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt% of Ag2O/SiO2). After the composition of nanocomposites using the cross-linked technique, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is performed to confirm the functional groups that are added to the polymer at each step. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is done to show the crystallinity of Ag2O/SiO2. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies are performed to demonstrate the morphology of the structure, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is done to examine the elements in the wound dressing and atomic force microscopy (AFM) study is performed to show surface roughness and pores. Then the nanocomposites with different weight percentages are cultured in three bacteria called Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Proteus mirabilis, all three of which cause skin infections. Finally, by performing the tensile test, the results related to the tensile strength of the wound dressings are examined. The results show that with the increase of Ag2O/SiO2, the mechanical properties, as well as the healing properties of the wound dressing, have increased significantly. Fabricating these nanocomposites helps a lot in treating skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Farazin
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan P.O. Box 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohammadimehr
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan P.O. Box 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Ghasemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan P.O. Box 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
| | - Hossein Naeimi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan P.O. Box 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
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Mallakpour S, Azadi E, Hussain CM. Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan as potent adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems for viral threats including SARS-CoV-2: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1931-1940. [PMID: 34048834 PMCID: PMC8146404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen transmission is a widespread threat to global human health. Vaccines are very important during the outbreak of a pandemic. Destructive fractures caused by a sudden outbreak of COVID-19 have spurred vaccine production at an unprecedented rate. The strategy of an effective vaccine delivery system is opening up novel probabilities to make more immunization. Indeed, vaccination is the most successful way to prevent deaths from infectious diseases. In order to optimal immune response production or improvement in the effectiveness of vaccines, delivery systems or adjuvants are required. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan with antiviral activity have good potential as adjuvant or delivery systems for vaccine formulation development and design vaccine delivery devices. According to the antiviral performance and immunomodulation of these biopolymers, they will play significant characters in the anti-COVID-19 field. In this mini-review, the recent progress in vaccine development by using biopolymers is presented which, provides a reference for their research on anti-COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Elham Azadi
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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