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Ning J, Zhan N, Wu Z, Li Y, Zhang D, Shi Y, Zhou Y, Chen CH, Jin W. In vitro identification of oridonin hybrids as potential anti-TNBC agents inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulation of p21, γH2AX and cleaved PARP. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00580e. [PMID: 39246742 PMCID: PMC11376098 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
TNBC has been recognized as the most highly aggressive breast cancer without chemotherapeutic drugs. A collection of oridonin hybrids consisting of conventional antitumor pharmacophores including nitrogen mustards and adamantane-1-carboxylic acid were synthesized by deletion or blockade of multiple hydroxyl groups and structural rearrangement. Compound 11a showed the most promising anti-TNBC activity with nearly 15-fold more potent antiproliferative effects than oridonin against MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806. Moreover, 11a significantly inhibited HCC1806, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell proliferation by arresting cells at the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 11a could trigger dose-dependently early and late apoptosis in those indicated cell lines. More importantly, 11a could significantly increase p21, γH2AX and cleaved PARP accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, compound 11a exhibited better stability than oridonin in a plasma assay. Taken together, all results demonstrated that 11a may warrant further investigation as a promising anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Ning
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Nini Zhan
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Zhanpan Wu
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Yuzhe Li
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Die Zhang
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Yadian Shi
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Yingxun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Chuan-Huizi Chen
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Wenbin Jin
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming Yunnan China
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2
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Jin W, Xu C, Dong N, Chen K, Zhang D, Ning J, Li Y, Zhang G, Ke J, Hou A, Chen L, Chen S, Chan KF. Identification of isothiazolones analogues as potent bactericidal agents against antibiotic resistant CRE and MRSA strains. BMC Chem 2023; 17:183. [PMID: 38104171 PMCID: PMC10724953 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has emerged as a worldwide spread nosocomial superbug exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to all current antibiotics, leaving limited options for treating its infection. To discovery novel antibiotics against CRE, we designed and synthesized a series of 14 isothiazol-3(2H)-one analogues subjected to antibacterial activity evaluation against Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (NDM-1) and clinical strain E. coli HN88 for investigating their structure-activity relationships (SAR). The results suggested that 5-chloroisothiazolone core with an N-(4-chlorophenyl) substitution 5a was the most potent antibacterial activity against the E. coli BL21 (NDM-1) with MIC value of less than 0.032 μg/mL, which was at least 8000-fold higher than the positive control Meropenem (MRM). It also displayed 2048-fold potent than the positive control MRM against E. coli HN88. Additionally, SAR analysis supported the conclusion that compounds with a chloro-group substituted on the 5-position of the heterocyclic ring was much more potent than other positions. The board spectrum analysis suggested that compound 5a showed a promising antimicrobial activity on MRSA and CRE pathogens. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity study of compound 5a suggested that it had a therapeutic index value of 875, suggesting future therapeutic potential. In vivo efficacy study declared that compound 5a could also protect the BALB/c mice against American type culture collection (ATCC) 43,300. Further screening of our compounds against a collection of CRE strains isolated from patients indicated that compound 5 g displayed much stronger antibacterial activity compared with MRM. In conclusion, our studies indicated that isothiazolones analogues could be potent bactericidal agents against CRE and MRSA pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Jin
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Die Zhang
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinhua Ning
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunbing Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangfen Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Ke
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Anguo Hou
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Linyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan and Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kin-Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Yang W, Wang W, Cai S, Li P, Zhang D, Ning J, Ke J, Hou A, Chen L, Ma Y, Jin W. Synthesis and In Vivo Antiarrhythmic Activity Evaluation of Novel Scutellarein Analogues as Voltage-Gated Nav1.5 and Cav1.2 Channels Blockers. Molecules 2023; 28:7417. [PMID: 37959836 PMCID: PMC10650756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cardiac arrhythmias with high morbidity and mortality have posed a significant threat to our human health. Scutellarein, a metabolite of Scutellarin which is isolated from Scutellaria altissima L., presents excellent therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases and could further be metabolized into methylated forms. A series of 22 new scutellarein derivatives with hydroxyl-substitution based on the scutellarin metabolite in vivo was designed, synthesized via the conjugation of the scutellarein scaffold with pharmacophores of FDA-approved antiarrhythmic medications and evaluated for their antiarrhythmic activity through the analyzation of the rat number of arrhythmia recovery, corresponding to the recovery time and maintenance time in the rat model of barium chloride-induced arrhythmia, as well as the cumulative dosage of aconitine required to induce VP, VT, VF and CA in the rat model of aconitine-induced arrhythmia. All designed compounds could shorten the time of the arrhythmia continuum induced by barium chloride, indicating that 4'-hydroxy substituents of scutellarein had rapid-onset antiarrhythmic effects. In addition, nearly all of the compounds could normalize the HR, RR, QRS, QT and QTc interval, as well as the P/T waves' amplitude. The most promising compound 10e showed the best antiarrhythmic activity with long-term efficacy and extremely low cytotoxicity, better than the positive control scutellarein. This result was also approved by the computational docking simulation. Most importantly, patch clamp measurements on Nav1.5 and Cav1.2 channels indicated that compound 10e was able to reduce the INa and ICa in a concentration-dependent manner and left-shifted the inactivation curve of Nav1.5. Taken together, all compounds were considered to be antiarrhythmic. Compound 10e even showed no proarrhythmic effect and could be classified as Ib Vaughan Williams antiarrhythmic agents. What is more, compound 10e did not block the hERG potassium channel which highly associated with cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Song Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Die Zhang
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jinhua Ning
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jin Ke
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Anguo Hou
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Linyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yunshu Ma
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenbin Jin
- Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in Universities of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China (D.Z.)
- Faculty of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Ayipo YO, Chong CF, Mordi MN. Small-molecule inhibitors of bacterial-producing metallo-β-lactamases: insights into their resistance mechanisms and biochemical analyses of their activities. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1012-1048. [PMID: 37360393 PMCID: PMC10285742 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) remains one of the major threats to the global healthcare system, which is associated with alarming morbidity and mortality rates. The defence mechanisms of Enterobacteriaceae to antibiotics occur through several pathways including the production of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). The carbapenemases, notably, New Delhi MBL (NDM), imipenemase (IMP), and Verona integron-encoded MBL (VIM), represent the critical MBLs implicated in AR pathogenesis and are responsible for the worst AR-related clinical conditions, but there are no approved inhibitors to date, which needs to be urgently addressed. Presently, the available antibiotics including the most active β-lactam-types are subjected to deactivation and degradation by the notorious superbug-produced enzymes. Progressively, scientists have devoted their efforts to curbing this global menace, and consequently a systematic overview on this topic can aid the timely development of effective therapeutics. In this review, diagnostic strategies for MBL strains and biochemical analyses of potent small-molecule inhibitors from experimental reports (2020-date) are overviewed. Notably, N1 and N2 from natural sources, S3-S7, S9 and S10 and S13-S16 from synthetic routes displayed the most potent broad-spectrum inhibition with ideal safety profiles. Their mechanisms of action include metal sequestration from and multi-dimensional binding to the MBL active pockets. Presently, some β-lactamase (BL)/MBL inhibitors have reached the clinical trial stage. This synopsis represents a model for future translational studies towards the discovery of effective therapeutics to overcome the challenges of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia USM 11800 Pulau Pinang Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University P. M. B., 1530, Malete Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Chien Fung Chong
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 31900 Kampar Perak Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia USM 11800 Pulau Pinang Malaysia
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5
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Legru A, Verdirosa F, Vo-Hoang Y, Tassone G, Vascon F, Thomas CA, Sannio F, Corsica G, Benvenuti M, Feller G, Coulon R, Marcoccia F, Devente SR, Bouajila E, Piveteau C, Leroux F, Deprez-Poulain R, Deprez B, Licznar-Fajardo P, Crowder MW, Cendron L, Pozzi C, Mangani S, Docquier JD, Hernandez JF, Gavara L. Optimization of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiones toward Broad-Spectrum Metallo-β-lactamase Inhibitors Showing Potent Synergistic Activity on VIM- and NDM-1-Producing Clinical Isolates. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16392-16419. [PMID: 36450011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) contribute to the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to carbapenems, last-resort antibiotics at hospital, and MBL inhibitors are urgently needed to preserve these important antibacterial drugs. Here, we describe a series of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-based inhibitors displaying an α-amino acid substituent, which amine was mono- or disubstituted by (hetero)aryl groups. Compounds disubstituted by certain nitrogen-containing heterocycles showed submicromolar activities against VIM-type enzymes and strong NDM-1 inhibition (Ki = 10-30 nM). Equilibrium dialysis, native mass spectrometry, isothermal calorimetry (ITC), and X-ray crystallography showed that the compounds inhibited both VIM-2 and NDM-1 at least partially by stripping the catalytic zinc ions. These inhibitors also displayed a very potent synergistic activity with meropenem (16- to 1000-fold minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reduction) against VIM-type- and NDM-1-producing ultraresistant clinical isolates, including Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, selected compounds exhibited no or moderate toxicity toward HeLa cells, favorable absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties, and no or modest inhibition of several mammalian metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Legru
- IBMM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Federica Verdirosa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Yen Vo-Hoang
- IBMM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Giusy Tassone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Vascon
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Caitlyn A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Corsica
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Manuela Benvenuti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Georges Feller
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-InBioS, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 août B6, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Rémi Coulon
- IBMM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Marcoccia
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Catherine Piveteau
- Drugs and Molecules for Living System, U1177, Inserm, Université de Lille, Faculté de Pharmacie, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Drugs and Molecules for Living System, U1177, Inserm, Université de Lille, Faculté de Pharmacie, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Deprez-Poulain
- Drugs and Molecules for Living System, U1177, Inserm, Université de Lille, Faculté de Pharmacie, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Benoît Deprez
- Drugs and Molecules for Living System, U1177, Inserm, Université de Lille, Faculté de Pharmacie, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Patricia Licznar-Fajardo
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR5151, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, CHU Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael W Crowder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Laura Cendron
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-InBioS, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Laurent Gavara
- IBMM, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Chen C, Oelschlaeger P, Wang D, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhao A, Yang KW. Structure and Mechanism-Guided Design of Dual Serine/Metallo-Carbapenemase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5954-5974. [PMID: 35420040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine/metallo-carbapenemase-coproducing pathogens, often referred to as "superbugs", are a significant clinical problem. They hydrolyze nearly all available β-lactam antibiotics, especially carbapenems considered as last-resort antibiotics, seriously endangering efficacious antibacterial treatment. Despite the continuous global spread of carbapenem resistance, no dual-action inhibitors are available in therapy. This Perspective is the first systematic investigation of all chemotypes, modes of inhibition, and crystal structures of dual serine/metallo-carbapenemase inhibitors. An overview of the key strategy for designing dual serine/metallo-carbapenemase inhibitors and their mechanism of action is provided, as guiding rules for the development of clinically available dual inhibitors, coadministrated with carbapenems, to overcome the carbapenem resistance issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Peter Oelschlaeger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona 91766, California, United States
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Jinshui District 450046, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Wu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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