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Bassan R, Mondal B, Varshney M, Roy S. 1-Naphthylacetic acid appended amino acids-based hydrogels: probing of the supramolecular catalysis of ester hydrolysis reaction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3399-3409. [PMID: 38933855 PMCID: PMC11197428 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A 1-naphthaleneacetic acid-appended phenylalanine-derivative (Nap-F) forms a stable hydrogel with a minimum gelation concentration (MGC) of 0.7% w/v (21 mM) in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Interestingly, Nap-F produces two-component [Nap-F + H = Nap-FH, Nap-F + K = Nap-FK and Nap-F + R = Nap-FR], three-component [Nap-F + H + K = Nap-FH-K, Nap-F + H + R = Nap-FH-R and Nap-F + K + R = Nap-FK-R] and four-component [Nap-F + H + K + R = Nap-FH-K-R] hydrogels in water with all three natural basic amino acids (H = histidine, K = lysine and R = arginine) at various combinations below its MGC. Nap-F-hydrogel forms a nice entangled nanofibrillar network structure as evidenced by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Interestingly, lysine-based co-assembled two- (Nap-FK), three- (Nap-FH-K and Nap-FK-R) and four-component (Nap-FH-K-R) xerogels exhibit helical nanofibrillar morphology, which was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, FE-SEM and TEM imaging. However, histidine and arginine-based two-component (Nap-FH and Nap-FR) and three-component (Nap-FH-R) co-assembled xerogels exhibiting straight nanofibrillar morphology. In their co-assembled states, these two-, three- and four-component supramolecular hydrogels show promising esterase-like activity below their MGCs. The enhanced catalytic activity of helical fibers compared to obtained straight fibers (other than lysine-based assembled systems) suggests that the helical fibrillar nanostructure is involved in ordering the esterase-like although all supramolecular assemblies are chemically different from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Bassan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar Sancoale Goa 403726 India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata-700034 West Bengal India
| | - Mayank Varshney
- Senior Application Scientist, Characterization Division, Anton Paar India Pvt. Ltd. 582, Phase V, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area Gurgaon 122016 Haryana India
| | - Subhasish Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar Sancoale Goa 403726 India
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2
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Kalitnik A, Szefczyk M, Wojciechowska AW, Wojciechowski JW, Gąsior-Głogowska M, Olesiak-Bańska J, Kotulska M. Cytotoxic Staphylococcus aureus PSMα3 inhibits the aggregation of human insulin in vitro. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15587-15599. [PMID: 38757742 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are extracellular short amphipathic peptides secreted by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). They play an essential role in the bacterial lifecycle, biofilm formation, and stabilisation. From the PSM family, PSMα3 has been of special interest recently due to its cytotoxicity and highly stable α-helical conformation, which also remains in its amyloid fibrils. In particular, PSMα3 fibrils were shown to be composed of self-associating "sheets" of α-helices oriented perpendicular to the fibril axis, mimicking the architecture of canonical cross-β fibrils. Therefore, they were called cross-α-fibrils. PSMα3 was synthesised and verified for identity with wild-type sequences (S. aureus). Then, using several experimental techniques, we evaluated its propensity for in vitro aggregation. According to our findings, synthetic PSMα3 (which lacks the N-terminal formyl groups found in bacteria) does not form amyloid fibrils and maintains α-helical conformation in a soluble monomeric form for several days of incubation. We also evaluated the influence of PSMα3 on human insulin fibrillation in vitro, using a variety of experimental approaches in combination with computational molecular studies. First, it was shown that PSMα3 drastically inhibits the fibrillation of human insulin. The anti-fibrillation effect of PSMα3 was concentration-dependent and required a concentration ratio of PSMα3: insulin equal to or above 1 : 100. Molecular modelling revealed that PSMα3 most likely inhibits the production of insulin primary nuclei by competing for residues involved in its dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kalitnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Szefczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alicja W Wojciechowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub W Wojciechowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Olesiak-Bańska
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kotulska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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3
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Kovalenko V, Rudzińska-Szostak E, Ślepokura K, Berlicki Ł. Scalable Synthesis of All Stereoisomers of 2-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic Acid─A Toolbox for Peptide Foldamer Chemistry. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4760-4767. [PMID: 38544408 PMCID: PMC11002926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the construction of peptides with well-defined three-dimensional structures and predictable functions, including biological activity, using conformationally constrained β-amino acids has been shown to be a very successful strategy, their broad application is limited by access to the appropriate building blocks. In particular, trans- and cis-stereoisomers of 2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) are of high interest. The scalable synthesis of all four stereoisomers of Fmoc derivatives of ACPC is presented with NMR-based analysis methods for their enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Kovalenko
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Rudzińska-Szostak
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ślepokura
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University
of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Szefczyk M, Szulc N, Gąsior-Głogowska M, Bystranowska D, Żak A, Sikora A, Polańska O, Ożyhar A, Berlicki Ł. The application of the hierarchical approach for the construction of foldameric peptide self-assembled nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3828-3840. [PMID: 37191235 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we show that a hierarchical approach for the construction of nanofibrils based on α,β-peptide foldamers is a rational method for the design of novel self-assembled nanomaterials based on peptides. Incorporation of a trans-(1S,2S)-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid residue into the outer positions of the model coiled-coil peptide led to the formation of helical foldamers, which was determined by circular dichroism (CD) and vibrational spectroscopy. The oligomerization state of the obtained peptides in water was established by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). The thioflavin T assay and Congo red methods showed that the obtained α,β-peptides possess a strong tendency to aggregate, leading to the formation of self-assembled nanostructures, which were assessed by microscopic techniques. The location of the β-amino acid in the heptad repeat of the coiled-coil structure proved to have an influence on the secondary structure of the obtained peptides and on the morphology of the self-assembled nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szefczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Natalia Szulc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Bystranowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Żak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sikora
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Oliwia Polańska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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5
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Woolfson DN. Understanding a protein fold: the physics, chemistry, and biology of α-helical coiled coils. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104579. [PMID: 36871758 PMCID: PMC10124910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein science is being transformed by powerful computational methods for structure prediction and design: AlphaFold2 can predict many natural protein structures from sequence, and other AI methods are enabling the de novo design of new structures. This raises a question: how much do we understand the underlying sequence-to-structure/function relationships being captured by these methods? This perspective presents our current understanding of one class of protein assembly, the α-helical coiled coils. At first sight, these are straightforward: sequence repeats of hydrophobic (h) and polar (p) residues, (hpphppp)n, direct the folding and assembly of amphipathic α helices into bundles. However, many different bundles are possible: they can have two or more helices (different oligomers); the helices can have parallel, antiparallel or mixed arrangements (different topologies); and the helical sequences can be the same (homomers) or different (heteromers). Thus, sequence-to-structure relationships must be present within the hpphppp repeats to distinguish these states. I discuss the current understanding of this problem at three levels: First, physics gives a parametric framework to generate the many possible coiled-coil backbone structures. Second, chemistry provides a means to explore and deliver sequence-to-structure relationships. Third, biology shows how coiled coils are adapted and functionalized in nature, inspiring applications of coiled coils in synthetic biology. I argue that the chemistry is largely understood; the physics is partly solved, though the considerable challenge of predicting even relative stabilities of different coiled-coil states remains; but there is much more to explore in the biology and synthetic biology of coiled coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek N Woolfson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom; BrisEngBio, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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6
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Improvement of techno-functional properties of acidic subunit from amaranth 11S globulin modified by bioactive peptide insertions. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Boruah A, Roy A. Advances in hybrid peptide-based self-assembly systems and their applications. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4694-4723. [PMID: 35899853 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00775d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of peptides demonstrates a great potential for designing highly ordered, finely tailored supramolecular arrangements enriched with high specificity, improved efficacy and biological activity. Along with natural peptides, hybrid peptide systems composed of natural and chemically diverse unnatural amino acids have been used in various fields, including drug delivery, wound healing, potent inhibition of diseases, and prevention of biomaterial related diseases to name a few. In this review, we provide a brief outline of various methods that have been utilized for obtaining fascinating structures that create an avenue to reproduce a range of functions resulting from these folds. An overview of different self-assembled structures as well as their applications will also be provided. We believe that this review is very relevant to the current scenario and will cover conformations of hybrid peptides and resulting self-assemblies from the late 20th century through 2022. This review aims to be a comprehensive and reliable account of the hybrid peptide-based self-assembly owing to its enormous influence in understanding and mimicking biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Boruah
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Pulibor, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Arup Roy
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Pulibor, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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8
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Szefczyk M, Ożga K, Drewniak-Świtalska M, Rudzińska-Szostak E, Hołubowicz R, Ożyhar A, Berlicki Ł. Controlling the conformational stability of coiled-coil peptides with a single stereogenic center of a peripheral β-amino acid residue. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4640-4647. [PMID: 35425498 PMCID: PMC8981378 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key issue in the research on foldamers remains the understanding of the relationship between the monomers structure and conformational properties at the oligomer level. In peptidomimetic foldamers, the main goal of which is to mimic the structure of proteins, a main challenge is still better understanding of the folding of peptides and the factors that influence their conformational stability. We probed the impact of the modification of the peptide periphery with trans- and cis-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) on the structure and stability of the model coiled-coil using circular dichroism (CD), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). Although, trans-ACPC and cis-ACPC-containing mutants differ by only one peripheral stereogenic center, their conformational stability is strikingly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szefczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ożga
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Magda Drewniak-Świtalska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Ewa Rudzińska-Szostak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
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9
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Zhuravleva IY, Karpova EV, Dokuchaeva AA, Kuznetsova EV, Vladimirov SV, Ksenofontov AL, Nichay NR. Bovine jugular vein conduit: What affects its elastomechanical properties and thermostability? J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:394-408. [PMID: 34390309 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the venous wall depending on the treatment method used, and, accordingly, on those structural changes in the tissue that this treatment causes. Bovine jugular vein walls (BJVWs) cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA), ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DE), and Contegra commercial conduit were evaluated using uniaxial stretching [with and without pre-conditioning (PreC)], differential scanning calorimetry, amino acid analysis, and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Fresh BJVW was used as a control. It was shown that failure stress in non-PreC GA-treated and DE-treated materials was lower than that in fresh and Contegra counterparts. Contegra samples were the stiffest among the tested materials. Cyclic preloading leads to distortion of the mechanical behavior of this material, which is heterogeneous in composition and structure. The denaturation temperatures (Td ) of all cross-linked BJVWs were higher than the Td of the fresh vein. The microstructures of the tested BJVWs did not exhibit any differences, but the cross-linking density and hydration of the DE-vein were the highest. GA-cross-linking or DE-cross-linking and isopropanol exposure (Contegra) changed the protein secondary structures of the tested materials in different ways. We hypothesized that the protein secondary structure and hydration degree are the main causes of differences in the mechanical properties and thermal stability of BJVW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yu Zhuravleva
- E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the RF Ministry of Health, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Karpova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna A Dokuchaeva
- E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the RF Ministry of Health, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Kuznetsova
- E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the RF Ministry of Health, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei V Vladimirov
- E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the RF Ministry of Health, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander L Ksenofontov
- A. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology MSU, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia R Nichay
- E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the RF Ministry of Health, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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10
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Szefczyk M. Peptide foldamer-based self-assembled nanostructures containing cyclic beta-amino acids. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11325-11333. [PMID: 34190303 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptide soft materials belong to an emerging branch of materials sciences due to their growing importance as responsive materials in diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomedical applications. The diversity provided by easily modifiable peptide sequences can be further increased by introducing nonnatural amino acids such as cyclic β-amino acids, leading to the formation of foldamers. Moreover, it is possible to combine peptide chains with other polymers, aromatic compounds, etc. to create hybrids with completely new properties and applications. In this review, we focus on the cis/trans enantiomers of three cyclic β-amino acids: 2-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (ACBC), 2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid (ACPC) and 2-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (ACHC). The peptides discussed here either contain exclusively β-amino acids or are α,β-peptides, and they undergo self-assembly by forming different interactions that lead to the creation of well-defined nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szefczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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