1
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Poddar A, Ahmady F, Prithviraj P, Luwor RB, Shukla R, Polash SA, Li H, Ramakrishna S, Kannourakis G, Jayachandran A. Advances in CRISPR/Cas systems-based cell and gene therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 208:161-183. [PMID: 39266181 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell and gene therapy are innovative biomedical strategies aimed at addressing diseases at their genetic origins. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) systems have become a groundbreaking tool in cell and gene therapy, offering unprecedented precision and versatility in genome editing. This chapter explores the role of CRISPR in gene editing, tracing its historical development and discussing biomolecular formats such as plasmid, RNA, and protein-based approaches. Next, we discuss CRISPR delivery methods, including viral and non-viral vectors, followed by examining the various engineered CRISPR variants for their potential in gene therapy. Finally, we outline emerging clinical applications, highlighting the advancements in CRISPR for breakthrough medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Poddar
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia; RMIT University, VIC, Australia
| | - Farah Ahmady
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia
| | - Prashanth Prithviraj
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Li Y, Zhou S, Wu Q, Gong C. CRISPR/Cas gene editing and delivery systems for cancer therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1938. [PMID: 38456346 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas systems stand out because of simplicity, efficiency, and other superiorities, thus becoming attractive and brilliant gene-editing tools in biomedical field including cancer therapy. CRISPR/Cas systems bring promises for cancer therapy through manipulating and engineering on tumor cells or immune cells. However, there have been concerns about how to overcome the numerous physiological barriers and deliver CRISPR components to target cells efficiently and accurately. In this review, we introduced the mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas systems, summarized the current delivery strategies of CRISPR/Cas systems by physical methods, viral vectors, and nonviral vectors, and presented the current application of CRISPR/Cas systems in cancer clinical treatment. Furthermore, we discussed prospects related to delivery approaches of CRISPR/Cas systems. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyao Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Lu X, Zhang M, Li G, Zhang S, Zhang J, Fu X, Sun F. Applications and Research Advances in the Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Systems for the Treatment of Inherited Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13202. [PMID: 37686009 PMCID: PMC10487642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancements in gene therapy have opened up new possibilities for treating genetic disorders, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and familial hypercholesterolemia. The utilization of the clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has revolutionized the field of gene therapy by enabling precise targeting of genes. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9 has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating cancer and genetic diseases. However, the susceptibility of nucleic acid drugs to degradation by nucleic acid endonucleases necessitates the development of functional vectors capable of protecting the nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation while ensuring safety and effectiveness. This review explores the biomedical potential of non-viral vector-based CRISPR/Cas9 systems for treating genetic diseases. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in viral and non-viral vector-based gene therapy for genetic disorders, including preclinical and clinical study insights. Additionally, the review analyzes the current limitations of these delivery systems and proposes avenues for developing novel nano-delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengying Sun
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.); (G.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.F.)
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4
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Chien Y, Hsiao YJ, Chou SJ, Lin TY, Yarmishyn AA, Lai WY, Lee MS, Lin YY, Lin TW, Hwang DK, Lin TC, Chiou SH, Chen SJ, Yang YP. Nanoparticles-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy in inherited retinal diseases: applications, challenges, and emerging opportunities. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:511. [DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs) are considered one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. However, the majority of them still lack a safe and effective treatment due to their complexity and genetic heterogeneity. Recently, gene therapy is gaining importance as an efficient strategy to address IRDs which were previously considered incurable. The development of the clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has strongly empowered the field of gene therapy. However, successful gene modifications rely on the efficient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components into the complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the human retinal tissue. Intriguing findings in the field of nanoparticles (NPs) meet all the criteria required for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery and have made a great contribution toward its therapeutic applications. In addition, exploiting induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and in vitro 3D retinal organoids paved the way for prospective clinical trials of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in treating IRDs. This review highlights important advances in NP-based gene therapy, the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and iPSC-derived retinal organoids with a focus on IRDs. Collectively, these studies establish a multidisciplinary approach by integrating nanomedicine and stem cell technologies and demonstrate the utility of retina organoids in developing effective therapies for IRDs.
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5
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Intelligent nanotherapeutic strategies for the delivery of CRISPR system. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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6
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Brannagan TH, Berk JL, Gillmore JD, Maurer MS, Waddington‐Cruz M, Fontana M, Masri A, Obici L, Brambatti M, Baker BF, Hannan LA, Buchele G, Viney NJ, Coelho T, Nativi‐Nicolau J. Liver-directed drugs for transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2022; 27:228-237. [PMID: 36345805 PMCID: PMC10100204 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR) is a rare, under-recognized, progressively debilitating, fatal disease caused by the aggregation and extracellular deposition of amyloid transthyretin (TTR) fibrils in multiple organs and tissues throughout the body. TTR is predominantly synthesized by the liver and normally circulates as a homotetramer, while misfolded monomers aggregate to form amyloid fibrils. One strategy to treat ATTR amyloidosis is to reduce the amount of TTR produced by the liver using drugs that directly target the TTR mRNA or gene. This narrative review focuses on how TTR gene silencing tools act to reduce TTR production, describing strategies for improved targeted delivery of these agents to hepatocytes where TTR is preferentially expressed. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), termed RNA silencers, cause selective degradation of TTR mRNA, while a TTR gene editing tool reduces TTR expression by introducing nonsense mutations into the TTR gene. Two strategies to facilitate tissue-specific delivery of these nucleic acid-based drugs employ endogenous receptors expressed by hepatocytes. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that recruit apolipoprotein E support low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated uptake of unconjugated siRNA and are now used for CRISPR gene editing tools. Additionally, conjugating N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) moieties to ASOs or siRNAs facilitates receptor-mediated uptake by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. In summary, ATTR is a progressive disease with various clinical manifestations due to TTR aggregation, deposition, and amyloid formation. Receptor-targeted ligands (eg, GalNAc) and nanoparticle encapsulation (eg, LNPs) are technologies to deliver ASOs, siRNAs, and gene editing tools to hepatocytes, the primary location of TTR synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Brannagan
- Peripheral Neuropathy CenterColumbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - John L. Berk
- Amyloidosis CenterBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julian D. Gillmore
- National Amyloidosis CentreUniversity College London, Royal Free HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mathew S. Maurer
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Division of CardiologyColumbia College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Márcia Waddington‐Cruz
- National Amyloidosis Referral Center‐CEPARMUniversity HospitalFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Marianna Fontana
- National Amyloidosis CentreUniversity College London, Royal Free HospitalLondonUK
| | - Ahmad Masri
- Cardiac Amyloidosis Program, Knight Cardiovascular InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Laura Obici
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment CenterIRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teresa Coelho
- Department of NeurosciencesCentro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoPortoPortugal
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7
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Rani V, Prabhu A. CRISPR-Cas9 based non-viral approaches in nanoparticle elicited therapeutic delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Xi S, Yang YG, Suo J, Sun T. Research Progress on Gene Editing Based on Nano-Drug Delivery Vectors for Tumor Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:873369. [PMID: 35419357 PMCID: PMC8996155 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.873369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors pose a serious threat to human health and have high fatality rates. Conventional clinical anti-tumor treatment is mainly based on traditional surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and interventional therapy, and even though these treatment methods are constantly updated, a satisfactory efficacy is yet to be obtained. Therefore, research on novel cancer treatments is being actively pursued. We review the classification of gene therapies of malignant tumors and their advantages, as well as the development of gene editing techniques. We further reveal the nano-drug delivery carrier effect in improving the efficiency of gene editing. Finally, we summarize the progress in recent years of gene editing techniques based on nano-drug delivery carriers in the treatment of various malignant tumors, and analyze the prospects of the technique and its restricting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Xi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Gastrointestinal Surgical Department, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Suo
- Gastrointestinal Surgical Department, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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9
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Kaltenbacher T, Löprich J, Maresch R, Weber J, Müller S, Oellinger R, Groß N, Griger J, de Andrade Krätzig N, Avramopoulos P, Ramanujam D, Brummer S, Widholz SA, Bärthel S, Falcomatà C, Pfaus A, Alnatsha A, Mayerle J, Schmidt-Supprian M, Reichert M, Schneider G, Ehmer U, Braun CJ, Saur D, Engelhardt S, Rad R. CRISPR somatic genome engineering and cancer modeling in the mouse pancreas and liver. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1142-1188. [PMID: 35288718 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) transformed the study of organismal disease phenotypes but are limited by their lengthy generation in embryonic stem cells. Here, we describe methods for rapid and scalable genome engineering in somatic cells of the liver and pancreas through delivery of CRISPR components into living mice. We introduce the spectrum of genetic tools, delineate viral and nonviral CRISPR delivery strategies and describe a series of applications, ranging from gene editing and cancer modeling to chromosome engineering or CRISPR multiplexing and its spatio-temporal control. Beyond experimental design and execution, the protocol describes quantification of genetic and functional editing outcomes, including sequencing approaches, data analysis and interpretation. Compared to traditional knockout mice, somatic GEMMs face an increased risk for mouse-to-mouse variability because of the higher experimental demands of the procedures. The robust protocols described here will help unleash the full potential of somatic genome manipulation. Depending on the delivery method and envisaged application, the protocol takes 3-5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Löprich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Maresch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Groß
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joscha Griger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petros Avramopoulos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Deepak Ramanujam
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Brummer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Widholz
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bärthel
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Pfaus
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ahmed Alnatsha
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Ehmer
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Braun
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Lim JM, Kim HH. Basic Principles and Clinical Applications of CRISPR-Based Genome Editing. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:105-113. [PMID: 35083895 PMCID: PMC8819410 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of previously unknown genetic variants in both inherited and acquired disorders, and tools to correct these pathogenic variants are rapidly evolving. Since the first introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 in 2012, the field of CRISPR-based genome editing has progressed immensely, giving hope to many patients suffering from genetic disorders that lack effective treatment. In this review, we will examine the basic principles of CRISPR-based genome editing, explain the mechanisms of new genome editors, including base editors and prime editors, and evaluate the therapeutic possibilities of CRISPR-based genome editing by focusing on recently published clinical trials and animal studies. Although efficacy and safety issues remain a large concern, we cannot deny that CRISPR-based genome editing will soon be prevalent in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Kühn R. Genome engineering in rodents - status quo and perspectives. Lab Anim 2021; 56:83-87. [PMID: 34674587 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211051842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in 2013 has revolutionized experimental genetics in mice and rats. This commentary gives an overview on the use of CRISPR either for gene editing in the germline or for editing and beyond editing in somatic cells. Future perspectives are opened by emerging CRISPR technologies that could enable genome engineering at larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kühn
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Germany
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12
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Naeem M, Hoque MZ, Ovais M, Basheer C, Ahmad I. Stimulus-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles-Based CRISPR-Cas Delivery for Therapeutic Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11300. [PMID: 34681959 PMCID: PMC8540563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovative research in genome editing domains such as CRISPR-Cas technology has enabled genetic engineers to manipulate the genomes of living organisms effectively in order to develop the next generation of therapeutic tools. This technique has started the new era of "genome surgery". Despite these advances, the barriers of CRISPR-Cas9 techniques in clinical applications include efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and risk of off-target effects. Various types of viral and non-viral vectors are designed to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery into the desired cell. These methods still suffer difficulties such as immune response, lack of specificity, and efficiency. The extracellular and intracellular environments of cells and tissues differ in pH, redox species, enzyme activity, and light sensitivity. Recently, smart nanoparticles have been synthesized for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to cells based on endogenous (pH, enzyme, redox specie, ATP) and exogenous (magnetic, ultrasound, temperature, light) stimulus signals. These methodologies can leverage genome editing through biological signals found within disease cells with less off-target effects. Here, we review the recent advances in stimulus-based smart nanoparticles to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery into the desired cell. This review article will provide extensive information to cautiously utilize smart nanoparticles for basic biomedical applications and therapeutic genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Mubasher Zahir Hoque
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Muhammad Ovais
- National Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Chanbasha Basheer
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.); (M.Z.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Giordano F, Lenna S, Rampado R, Brozovich A, Hirase T, Tognon MG, Martini F, Agostini M, Yustein JT, Taraballi F. Nanodelivery Systems Face Challenges and Limitations in Bone Diseases Management. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giordano
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Stefania Lenna
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Riccardo Rampado
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
- First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua Padua 35124 Italy
- Nano‐Inspired Biomedicine Laboratory Institute of Pediatric Research—Città della Speranza Padua Italy
| | - Ava Brozovich
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
- Texas A&M College of Medicine 8447 Highway 47 Bryan TX 77807 USA
| | - Takashi Hirase
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Mauro G. Tognon
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua Padua 35124 Italy
- Nano‐Inspired Biomedicine Laboratory Institute of Pediatric Research—Città della Speranza Padua Italy
| | - Jason T. Yustein
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers and The Faris D. Virani Ewing Sarcoma Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston Methodist 6670 Bertner Ave Houston TX 77030 USA
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist, 6565 Fannin Street Houston TX 77030 USA
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14
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Xu X, Liu C, Wang Y, Koivisto O, Zhou J, Shu Y, Zhang H. Nanotechnology-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113891. [PMID: 34324887 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated protein 9) is a potent technology for gene-editing. Owing to its high specificity and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 is extensity used for human diseases treatment, especially for cancer, which involves multiple genetic alterations. Different concepts of cancer treatment by CRISPR/Cas9 are established. However, significant challenges remain for its clinical applications. The greatest challenge for CRISPR/Cas9 therapy is how to safely and efficiently deliver it to target sites in vivo. Nanotechnology has greatly contributed to cancer drug delivery. Here, we present the action mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas9, its application in cancer therapy and especially focus on the nanotechnology-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer gene editing and immunotherapy to pave the way for its clinical translation. We detail the difficult barriers for CRISIR/Cas9 delivery in vivo and discuss the relative solutions for encapsulation, target delivery, controlled release, cellular internalization, and endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Chang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Oliver Koivisto
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Junnian Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland.
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15
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Lee MH, Lin CC, Thomas JL, Li JA, Lin HY. Cellular reprogramming with multigene activation by the delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 ribonucleoproteins via magnetic peptide-imprinted chitosan nanoparticles. Mater Today Bio 2021; 9:100091. [PMID: 33521619 PMCID: PMC7820544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells are usually derived by reprogramming transcription factors (OSKM), such as octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and cellular proto-oncogene (c-Myc). However, the genomic integration of transcription factors risks the insertion of mutations into the genome of the target cells. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has been used to edit genomes. In this work, dCas9-VPR (dCas9 with a gene activator, VP64-p65-Rta (VPR), fused to its c-terminus) and guide RNA (gRNA) combined to form ribonucleoproteins, which were immobilized on magnetic peptide-imprinted chitosan nanoparticles. These were then used to activate OSKM genes in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. Four pairs of gRNAs were used for the binding site recognition to activate the OSKM genes. Transfected HEK293T cells were then prescreened for the high expression of OSKM proteins by immunohistochemistry images. The optimal gRNAs for OSKM expression were identified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and the staining of OSKM proteins. Finally, we found that the activated expression of one of the OSKM genes is up to three-fold higher than that of the other genes, enabling precise control of the cell differentiation. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles were used to deliver dCas9 ribonucleoproteins to activate OSKM genes. Two-guide RNAs for each OSKM gene were studied. Transfected HEK293T cells were then screened using immunohistochemistry. The optimal-guide RNAs for OSKM expression were also identified using qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 84001, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed-Forces Zuoying General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81342, Taiwan
| | - James L Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jin-An Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
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