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Park J, Liu R, Kim AS, Cyr NN, Boehlein SK, Resende MFR, Savin DA, Bailey LS, Sumerlin BS, Hudalla GA. Sweet corn phytoglycogen dendrimers as a lyoprotectant for dry-state protein storage. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:2026-2041. [PMID: 38856491 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein biotherapeutics typically require expensive cold-chain storage to maintain their fold and function. Packaging proteins in the dry state via lyophilization can reduce these cold-chain requirements. However, formulating proteins for lyophilization often requires extensive optimization of excipients that both maintain the protein folded state during freezing and drying (i.e., "cryoprotection" and "lyoprotection"), and form a cake to carry the dehydrated protein. Here we show that sweet corn phytoglycogens, which are glucose dendrimers, can act as both a protein lyoprotectant and a cake-forming agent. Phytoglycogen (PG) dendrimers from 16 different maize sources (PG1-16) were extracted via ethanol precipitation. PG size was generally consistent at ~70-100 nm for all variants, whereas the colloidal stability in water, protein contaminant level, and maximum density of cytocompatibility varied for PG1-16. 10 mg/mL PG1, 2, 9, 13, 15, and 16 maintained the activity of various proteins, including green fluorescent protein, lysozyme, β-galactosidase, and horseradish peroxidase, over a broad range of concentrations, through multiple rounds of lyophilization. PG13 was identified as the lead excipient candidate as it demonstrated narrow dispersity, colloidal stability in phosphate-buffered saline, low protein contaminants, and cytocompatibility up to 10 mg/mL in NIH3T3 cell cultures. All dry protein-PG13 mixtures had a cake-like appearance and all frozen protein-PG13 mixtures had a Tg' of ~ -26°C. The lyoprotection and cake-forming properties of PG13 were density-dependent, requiring a minimum density of 5 mg/mL for maximum activity. Collectively these data establish PG dendrimers as a new class of excipient to formulate proteins in the dry state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junha Park
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Renjie Liu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Noah N Cyr
- Polymer Chemical Characterization Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Susan K Boehlein
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marcio F R Resende
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel A Savin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Polymer Chemical Characterization Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura S Bailey
- Polymer Chemical Characterization Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Polymer Chemical Characterization Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Jones AA, Snow CD. Porous protein crystals: synthesis and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5790-5803. [PMID: 38756076 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Large-pore protein crystals (LPCs) are an emerging class of biomaterials. The inherent diversity of proteins translates to a diversity of crystal lattice structures, many of which display large pores and solvent channels. These pores can, in turn, be functionalized via directed evolution and rational redesign based on the known crystal structures. LPCs possess extremely high solvent content, as well as extremely high surface area to volume ratios. Because of these characteristics, LPCs continue to be explored in diverse applications including catalysis, targeted therapeutic delivery, templating of nanostructures, structural biology. This Feature review article will describe several of the existing platforms in detail, with particular focus on LPC synthesis approaches and reported applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Arthur Jones
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1301, USA.
| | - Christopher D Snow
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1301, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1301, USA
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Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Rab S, Suman R. Applications of Nanotechnology in Medical field. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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4
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Szota M, Wolski P, Carucci C, Marincola FC, Gurgul J, Panczyk T, Salis A, Jachimska B. Effect of Ionization Degree of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer and 5-Fluorouracil on the Efficiency of Complex Formation-A Theoretical and Experimental Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010819. [PMID: 36614260 PMCID: PMC9821593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique structure, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers can bind active ingredients in two ways: inside the structure or on their surface. The location of drug molecules significantly impacts the kinetics of active substance release and the mechanism of internalization into the cell. This study focuses on the effect of the protonation degree of the G4PAMAM dendrimer and the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) on the efficiency of complex formation. The most favorable conditions for constructing the G4PAMAM-5FU complex are a low degree of protonation of the dendrimer molecule with the drug simultaneously present in a deprotonated form. The fluorine components in the XPS spectra confirm the formation of the stable complex. Through SAXS and DLS methods, a decrease in the dendrimer's molecular size resulting from protonation changes at alkaline conditions was demonstrated. The gradual closure of the dendrimer structure observed at high pH values makes it difficult for the 5FU molecules to migrate to the interior of the support structure, thereby promoting drug immobilization on the surface. The 1H NMR and DOSY spectra indicate that electrostatic interactions determine the complex formation process. Through MD simulations, the localization profile and the number of 5FU molecules forming the complex were visualized on an atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szota
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Wolski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Cristina Carucci
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Jacek Gurgul
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Panczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Jachimska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Naziris N, Sekowski S, Olchowik-Grabarek E, Buczkowski A, Balcerzak Ł, Chrysostomou V, Pispas S, Małecka M, Bryszewska M, Ionov M. Biophysical interactions of mixed lipid-polymer nanoparticles incorporating curcumin: Potential as antibacterial agent. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 144:213200. [PMID: 36442451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The technology of lipid nanoparticles has a long history in drug delivery, which begins with the discovery of liposomes by Alec D Bangham in the 1960s. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted on these systems, and several nanomedicinal products that utilize them have entered the market, with the latest being the COVID-19 vaccines. Despite their success, many aspects of their biophysical behavior are still under investigation. At the same time, their combination with other classes of biomaterials to create more advanced platforms is a promising endeavor. Herein, we developed mixed lipid-polymer nanoparticles with incorporated curcumin as a drug delivery system for therapy, and we studied its interactions with various biosystems. Initially, the nanoparticle physicochemical properties were investigated, where their size, size distribution, surface charge, morphology, drug incorporation and stability were assessed. The incorporation of the drug molecule was approximately 99.8 % for a formulated amount of 10 % by weight of the total membrane components and stable in due time. The association of the nanoparticles with human serum albumin and the effect that this brings upon their properties was studied by several biophysical techniques, including light scattering, thermal analysis and circular dichroism. As a biocompatibility assessment, interactions with erythrocyte membranes and hemolysis induced by the nanoparticles were also studied, with empty nanoparticles being more toxic than drug-loaded ones at high concentrations. Finally, interactions with bacterial membrane proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and the antibacterial effect of the nanoparticles were evaluated, where the effect of curcumin was improved when incorporated inside the nanoparticles. Overall, the developed mixed nanoparticles are promising candidates for the delivery of curcumin to infectious and other types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Naziris
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Szymon Sekowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Konstanty Ciolkowski Street 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Konstanty Ciolkowski Street 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Buczkowski
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 165, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Łucja Balcerzak
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Varvara Chrysostomou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Magdalena Małecka
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 165, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Sorokina SA, Shifrina ZB. Dendrimers as Antiamyloid Agents. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:760. [PMID: 35456594 PMCID: PMC9031116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimer-protein conjugates have significant prospects for biological applications. The complexation changes the biophysical behavior of both proteins and dendrimers. The dendrimers could influence the secondary structure of proteins, zeta-potential, distribution of charged regions on the surface, the protein-protein interactions, etc. These changes offer significant possibilities for the application of these features in nanotheranostics and biomedicine. Based on the dendrimer-protein interactions, several therapeutic applications of dendrimers have emerged. Thus, the formation of stable complexes retains the disordered proteins on the aggregation, which is especially important in neurodegenerative diseases. To clarify the origin of these properties and assess the efficiency of action, the mechanism of protein-dendrimer interaction and the nature and driving force of binding are considered in this review. The review outlines the antiamyloid activity of dendrimers and discusses the effect of dendrimer structures and external factors on their antiamyloid properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zinaida B. Shifrina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Tahmasebi M, Esmaeili A, Bambai B. New method of identifying morphine in urine samples using nanoparticle-dendrimer-enzyme hybrid system. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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8
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Yu S, Sha X, Zhou X, Guo D, Han B, Huang S, Zhu Y. Cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites functionalized high performance liquid chromatography stationary phase for efficient separation of aromatic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462730. [PMID: 34896734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, novel cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites functionalized high performance liquid chromatography stationary phases were developed for efficient separation of aromatic compounds. β-cyclodextrin was grafted onto the surface of silica gel matrix with poly (amidoamine) dendrimers as spacers. Scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, element analysis and Brunner-Emmet-Teller measurement proved the successful grafting of cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites. The obtained stationary phases showed satisfactory separation effects for alkylbenzenes and benzenesulfonic acid substituents in reverse phase liquid chromatography mode. Weak hydrophilic and ion exchange interactions were also confirmed at the same time. Meanwhile, the effects of dendrimers and cyclodextrin on the chromatography performance were discussed. Separation mechanism of the stationary phases were verified by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance technology, and the result implied that the proposed cyclodextrin-dendrimers nanocomposites functionalized stationary phases have significant prospects for separation and determination of more aromatic compounds in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuming Sha
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bowen Han
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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9
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Sahu DK, Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent trends in nanocarrier based approach in the management of dry eye disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for 5-Fluorouracil: Effectiveness of Complex Formation and Cytotoxicity Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011167. [PMID: 34681827 PMCID: PMC8537672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two generations of positively charged poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) were selected for study as potential carriers for the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU), a drug primarily used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Analytical techniques, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, NMR Spectroscopy and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), have shown that the most critical factor determining the formation of a PAMAM-5FU complex is the starting components' protonation degree. The tests confirmed the system's ability to attach about 20 5FU molecules per one dendrimer molecule for the G4PAMAM dendrimer and about 25 molecules for the G6PAMAM dendrimer, which gives a system yield of 16% for the fourth generation and 5% for sixth generation dendrimers. Additionally, using the QCM-D method, the adsorption efficiency and the number of drug molecules immobilized in the dendrimer structure were determined. A new aspect in our study was the determination of the change in zeta potential (ζ) induced by the immobilization of 5FU molecules on the dendrimer's outer shell and the importance of this effect in the direct contact of the carrier with cells. Cytotoxicity tests (resazurin reduction and MTS tests) showed no toxicity of dendrimers against mouse fibroblast cells (L929) and a significant decrease in cell viability in the case of four human malignant cell lines: malignant melanoma (A375), glioblastoma (SNB-19), prostate cancer (Du-145) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) during incubation with PAMAM-5FU complexes. The purpose of our work was to investigate the correlation between the physicochemical properties of the carrier and active substance and the system efficiency and optimizing conditions for the formation of an efficient system based on PAMAM dendrimers as nanocarriers for 5-fluorouracil. An additional aspect was to identify potential application properties of the complexes, as demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests.
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Guo T, Wang X, Shu Y, Wang J. Effects of alkyl side-chain length on binding with bovine serum albumin, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial properties of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Zadeh Mehrizi T, Mousavi Hosseini K. An overview on the investigation of nanomaterials' effect on plasma components: immunoglobulins and coagulation factor VIII, 2010-2020 review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3730-3745. [PMID: 36133015 PMCID: PMC9419877 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
FVIII and immunoglobulins (Igs) are the most prominent plasma proteins, which play a vital role in plasma hemostasis. These proteins have been implemented frequently in protein therapy. Therefore, their maintenance, durability, and stability are highly essential. Herein, various approaches to improve protein functions have been investigated, such as using recombinant protein replacement. In comparison, advances in nanotechnology have provided adequate context to boost biomaterial utilization. In this regard, the applications of various nanoparticles such as polymeric nanomaterials (PEG and PLGA), metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, and lipid based nanomaterials (liposomes and lipid nanoparticles) in stability and the functional improvement of antibodies and coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) have been reviewed from 2010 to 2020. Reviewing related articles has shown that not only can nanomaterials adequately protect the structure of proteins, but have also improved proteins' functions in some cases. For example, the high rate of FVIII instability has been successfully enhanced by bio-PEGylation. Also, utilizing PEGylated liposomes, using the PEG-lip technique for coating nanostructures, leads to FIIIV half-life prolongation. Hence, PEGylation had most impact on the stability of FVIII. Likewise, PEG-coated liposome nano-carriers also presented such a good effect on stability improvements for FVIII due to their ability to tune the immune system by reducing FVIII immunogenicity. Similarly, Ig PEGylation and conjugation to magnetic nanoparticles resulted in increased half-life and better purification of Igs, respectively, without any loss in structural or functional features. Consequently, metal-organic frameworks and recent hybrid systems have been introduced as promising nanomaterials in biomedical applications. As far as we know, this is the first study in this field, which considers the applications of nanoparticles for improving the storage and stability of antibodies and coagulation FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Zadeh Mehrizi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine Tehran Iran +989338606292
| | - Kamran Mousavi Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine Tehran Iran +989338606292
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Kupczak M, Mielańczyk A, Neugebauer D. The Influence of Polymer Composition on the Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Degradation of Polyesters and Their Block Copolymers with PDMAEMA. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133636. [PMID: 34209872 PMCID: PMC8269683 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined, semi-degradable polyester/polymethacrylate block copolymers, based on ε-caprolactone (CL), d,l-lactide (DLLA), glycolide (GA) and N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization. Comprehensive degradation studies of poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PCL-b-PDMAEMA) on hydrolytic degradation and enzymatic degradation were performed, and those results were compared with the corresponding aliphatic polyester (PCL). The solution pH did not affect the hydrolytic degradation rate of PCL (a 3% Mn loss after six weeks). The presence of a PDMAEMA component in the copolymer chain increased the hydrolysis rates and depended on the solution pH, as PCL-b-PDMAEMA degraded faster in an acidic environment (36% Mn loss determined) than in a slightly alkaline environment (27% Mn loss). Enzymatic degradation of PCL-b-PDMAEMA, poly(d,l-lactide)-block-poly(N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PLA-b-PDMAEMA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(N,N'-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PLGC-b-PDMAEMA) and the corresponding aliphatic polyesters (PCL, PLA and PLGC) was performed by Novozyme 435. In enzymatic degradation, PLGC degraded almost completely after eleven days. For polyester-b-PDMAEMA copolymers, enzymatic degradation primarily involved the ester bonds in PDMAEMA side chains, and the rate of polyester degradation decreased with the increase in the chain length of PDMAEMA. Amphiphilic copolymers might be used for biomaterials with long-term or midterm applications such as nanoscale drug delivery systems with tunable degradation kinetics.
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