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Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
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2
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Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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3
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Tang Z, Hong G, Sun S, Wang L. Electrochemically Enabled Direct C3-Formylation of Imidazopyridines with Me 3 N as a Carbonyl Source. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300001. [PMID: 36772840 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free and oxidant-free electrochemically enabled strategy for C-3 formylation of imidazopyridines using trimethylamine as a one-carbon source has been established. This conversion has high functional group compatibility under mild conditions and ensures late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical molecules. Furthermore, unexpected hexafluoroisopropoxylation products have been observed in some cases. Mechanistic studies using cyclic voltammetry and control experiments reveal the key intermediate of the formylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gang Hong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
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4
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Hossein Nia R, Taati Z, Mamaghani M. Multi-Component Synthesis of Indole-Substituted Heterocycles– A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2173622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Taati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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5
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Shi Y, Wang K, Ding Y, Xie Y. Transition-metal-free electrochemical oxidative C(sp 2)-H trifluoromethylation of aryl aldehyde hydrazones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9362-9367. [PMID: 36383151 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple protocol of metal-free C-H trifluoromethylation of hydrazones via electrolysis was developed. This environment-friendly transformation showed high efficiency, good tolerance, and scaled-up functionalization, providing the desired products in moderate to good yields. At the same time, a high yield can be obtained for the substrates either bearing an electron-donating group or an electron-withdrawing group by using different trifluoromethyl reagents. In addition, the radical mechanism was confirmed by the control experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yuxin Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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6
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Shi Z, Wang WZ, Li N, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical Dearomative Spirocyclization of N-Acyl Thiophene-2-sulfonamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:6321-6325. [PMID: 35993566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts type alkylation of C2-tethered thiophenes has been reported to be nonregioselective. Taking advantage of the highly regioselective 5-exo-trig spirocyclization of an electrochemically generated amidyl radical, we have unraveled an electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization of N-acyl thiophene-2-sulfonamides. Various nucleophilic agents, including carboxylates, alcohols, and fluoride, are readily incorporated to afford the remotely functionalized spirocyclic dihydrothiophenes, and their novel spirocyclic scaffolds have been shown to exhibit promising antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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8
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Qiao H, Yang L, Sun W, Chen Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Dong H. Metal-Free C3-H Hydrazination of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with Azodiformates in Water at Room Temperature. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Zhang Y, Huang Y, Yu K, Zhang X, Yu W, Tang J, Tian Y, Wei W, Zhang Z, Liang T. Iron–iodine co-catalysis towards tandem C–N/C–C bond formation: one-pot regioselective synthesis of 2-amino-3-alkylindoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient intermolecular C2,3-H aminoalkylation of indoles with 9H-xanthenes and azoles via iron–iodine co-catalyzed tandem C–N/C–C bond formation has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yating Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wanxing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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10
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Qiao H, Yang L, Chen Y, Wang J, Sun W, Dong H, Wang Y. An Efficient Three-Component Tandem Approach for the Synthesis of Imidazoheterocycle-Hydrazine Derivatives under Mild Conditions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Su HY, Zhu XL, Huang Y, Xu XH, Qing FL. Copper-catalyzed chemoselective C-H functionalization of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones with hexafluoroisopropanol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12805-12808. [PMID: 32966399 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05623e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An unexpected three-component reaction of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is described. Under CuBr-catalyzed and TBPB-oxidized conditions, a variety of hydroxyhexafluoroisobutylated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones were formed. Furthermore, the first hexafluoroisopropoxylation of the quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with HFIP is also demonstrated with Cu2O as the catalyst and PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant. These new transformations of HFIP furnish previously unknown and potentially useful fluorinated quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yangen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China. and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
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