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Saito T, Kajitani T, Yagai S. Amplification of Molecular Asymmetry during the Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Foldable Azobenzene Dyads into Nanotoroids and Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:443-454. [PMID: 36574732 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amplification of molecular asymmetry through self-assembly is a phenomenon that not only comprehends the origin of homochirality in nature but also produces chiroptically active functional materials from molecules with minimal enantiomeric purity. Understanding how molecular asymmetry can be transferred and amplified into higher-order structures in a hierarchical self-assembly system is important but still unexplored. Herein, we present an intriguing example of the amplification of molecular asymmetry in hierarchically self-assembled nanotubes that feature discrete and isolatable toroidal intermediates. The hierarchical self-assembly is initiated via asymmetric intramolecular folding of scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads furnished with chiral side chains. When scalemic mixtures of the enantiomers are dissolved in a non-polar solvent and cooled to 20 °C, single-handed nanotoroids are formed, as confirmed using atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism analyses. A strong majority-rules effect at the nanotoroid level is observed and can be explained by a low mismatch penalty and a high helix-reversal penalty. The single-handed nanotoroids stack upon cooling to 0 °C to exclusively afford their respective single-handed nanotubes. Thus, the same degree of amplification of molecular asymmetry is realized at the nanotube level. The internal packing efficiency of molecules within nanotubes prepared from the pure enantiomers or their scalemic mixtures is likely different, as suggested by the absence of higher-order structure (supercoil) formation in the latter. X-ray diffraction analysis of the anisotropically oriented nanotube films revealed looser molecular packing within the scalemic nanotubes, which clearly reflects the lower enantiomeric purity of their internal chiral side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- Open Facility development office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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2
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Constantin T, Górski B, Tilby MJ, Chelli S, Juliá F, Llaveria J, Gillen KJ, Zipse H, Lakhdar S, Leonori D. Halogen-atom and group transfer reactivity enabled by hydrogen tunneling. Science 2022; 377:1323-1328. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The generation of carbon radicals by halogen-atom and group transfer reactions is generally achieved using tin and silicon reagents that maximize the interplay of enthalpic (thermodynamic) and polar (kinetic) effects. In this work, we demonstrate a distinct reactivity mode enabled by quantum mechanical tunneling that uses the cyclohexadiene derivative γ-terpinene as the abstractor under mild photochemical conditions. This protocol activates alkyl and aryl halides as well as several alcohol and thiol derivatives. Experimental and computational studies unveiled a noncanonical pathway whereby a cyclohexadienyl radical undergoes concerted aromatization and halogen-atom or group abstraction through the reactivity of an effective H atom. This activation mechanism is seemingly thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable but is rendered feasible through quantum tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartosz Górski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael J. Tilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Saloua Chelli
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Kevin J. Gillen
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, LMU München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Suda N, Arima H, Saito T, Aizawa T, Yagai S. Fluorescent Nanofibers Self-Assembled from a Diphenylanthracene Scissor-Shaped Dyad. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takumi Aizawa
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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4
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Suda N, Saito T, Arima H, Yagai S. Photo-modulation of supramolecular polymorphism in the self-assembly of a scissor-shaped azobenzene dyad into nanotoroids and fibers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3249-3255. [PMID: 35414866 PMCID: PMC8926283 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the research field of supramolecularly engineered dye aggregates have enabled the design of simple one-dimensional stacks such as fibers and of closed structures such as nanotoroids (nanorings). More complex and advanced supramolecular systems could potentially be designed using a molecule that is able to provide either of these distinct nanostructures under different conditions. In this study, we introduced bulky but strongly aggregating cholesterol units to a scissor-shaped azobenzene dyad framework, which affords either nanotoroids, nanotubes, or 1D fibers, depending on the substituents. This new dyad with two trans-azobenzene arms shows supramolecular polymorphism in its temperature-controlled self-assembly, leading to not only oligomeric nanotoroids as kinetic products, but also to one-dimensional fibers as thermodynamic products. This supramolecular polymorphism can also be achieved via photo-triggered self-assembly, i.e., irradiation of a monomeric solution of the dyad with two cis-azobenzene arms using strong visible light leads to the preferential formation of nanotoroids, whereas irradiation with weak visible light leads to the predominant formation of 1D fibers. This is the first example of a successful light-induced modulation of supramolecular polymorphism to produce distinctly nanostructured aggregates under isothermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR), Chiba University 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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5
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Valera JS, Arima H, Naranjo C, Saito T, Suda N, Gómez R, Yagai S, Sánchez L. Biasing the Hierarchy Motifs of Nanotoroids: from 1D Nanotubes to 2D Porous Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114290. [PMID: 34822210 PMCID: PMC9299728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical organization of self-assembled structures into superstructures is omnipresent in Nature but has been rarely achieved in synthetic molecular assembly due to the absence of clear structural rules. We herein report on the self-assembly of scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads which form discrete nanotoroids that further organize into 2D porous networks. The steric demand of the peripheral aliphatic units diminishes the trend of the azobenzene dyad to constitute stackable nanotoroids in solution, thus affording isolated (unstackable) nanotoroids upon cooling. Upon drying, these nanotoroids organize at graphite surface to form well-defined 2D porous networks. The photoirradiation with UV and visible light enabled reversible dissociation and reconstruction of nanotoroids through the efficient trans↔cis isomerization of azobenzene moieties in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S. Valera
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringChiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR)Chiba University1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-kuChiba263-8522Japan
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Dpto. Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridCiudad Universitaria, s/n28040MadridSpain
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6
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Valera JS, Arima H, Naranjo C, Saito T, Suda N, Gómez R, Yagai S, Sánchez L. Biasing the Hierarchy Motifs of Nanotoroids: from 1D Nanotubes to 2D Porous Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S. Valera
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Dpto. Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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Vybornyi O, Liu SX, Häner R. Stimuli-Responsive Supramolecular Polymers from Amphiphilic Phosphodiester-Linked Azobenzene Trimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25872-25877. [PMID: 34529324 PMCID: PMC9298031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An amphiphilic phosphodiester‐linked azobenzene trimer has been exploited in the development of stimuli‐responsive, water‐soluble supramolecular polymers. The trimer can reversibly undergo thermal and photoisomerization between Z‐ and E‐isomers. Its self‐assembly properties in aqueous medium have been investigated by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, demonstrating that E‐ and Z‐azobenzene trimers form supramolecular nanosheets and toroidal nanostructures, respectively. By virtue of the E/Z photoisomerization of the azobenzene units, the two different supramolecular morphologies can be switched by photoirradiation. The findings pave a way towards stimuli‐responsive, water‐soluble supramolecular polymers which hold great promise in the development of smart functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Vybornyi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Vybornyi O, Liu S, Häner R. Stimuli‐Responsive Supramolecular Polymers from Amphiphilic Phosphodiester‐Linked Azobenzene Trimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Vybornyi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Shi‐Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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9
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Tashiro K, Saito T, Arima H, Suda N, Vedhanarayanan B, Yagai S. Scissor-Shaped Photochromic Dyads: Hierarchical Self-Assembly and Photoresponsive Property. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100252. [PMID: 34669237 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Unique relationships between hierarchically organized biological nanostructures and functions have motivated chemists to construct sophisticated artificial nanostructured systems from small and simple synthetic molecules through self-assembly. As one of such sophisticated systems, we have investigated scissor-shaped photochromic dyads that can hierarchically self-assemble into discrete nanostructures showing photoresponsive properties. We synthesized various azobenzene dyads and found that these dyads adopt intramolecularly folded conformation like a closed scissor, and then self-assemble into toroidal nanostructures by generating curvature. The toroids further organize into nanotubes and further into helical supramolecular fibers depending on the nature of alkyl substituents. All of these nanostructures can be dissociated and reorganized through the photoisomerization of azobenzene units. On the other hand, the introduction of stilbene chromophores instead of azobenzenes leads to one-dimensional supramolecular polymerization, which upon the intramolecular photocyclization of stilbene chromophores shifts to curved self-assembly leading to helicoidal fibers with distinct supramolecular chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Tashiro
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Natsuki Suda
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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10
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Kameta N, Kogiso M. Self-Assembly of a Pyridine-Based Amphiphile Complexed with Regioisomeric Dihydroxy Naphthalenes into Supramolecular Nanotubes with Different Inner Diameters. Chemistry 2021; 27:12566-12573. [PMID: 34296478 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A pyridine-based amphiphile complexed with 1,5-, 1,6-, 2,6-, or 2,7-dihydroxy naphthalene self-assembled in water to form nanotubes with inner diameters of 46, 38, 24, 18, and 11 nm in which the naphthalene molecules formed J-type aggregates. In contrast, the amphiphile complexed with 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,7-, 1,8-, or 2,3-dihydroxy naphthalene formed nanofibers in which the naphthalene molecules formed H-type aggregates. The inner diameter of the nanotubes strongly depended on the regioisomeric dihydroxy naphthalene. UV-vis, fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry showed that nanotubes with smaller inner diameters had weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the tilted amphiphiles complexed with the naphthalene molecules within the membrane walls and showed larger Stokes shifts in the excimer fluorescence of the naphthalene moiety. These findings should be useful not only for fine-tuning the inner diameters of supramolecular nanotubes but also for controlling the aggregation states of functional aromatic molecules to generate nanostructures with useful optical and electronic properties in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Kameta
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaki Kogiso
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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11
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Probing the solvent-tunable aggregation aptitude of neutral naphthyl bis-urea series and their interactions with nitro-aromatics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Arima H, Saito T, Kajitani T, Yagai S. Self-assembly of alkylated and perfluoroalkylated scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads into distinct structures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15619-15622. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06907h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two scissor-shaped azobenzene dyads bearing either linear alkyl or perfluoroalkyl side chains undergo distinct assembly pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Arima
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Chiba University
- Inage-ku
- Japan
| | - Takuho Saito
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Chiba University
- Inage-ku
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- Materials Analysis Division
- Open Facility Center
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Inage-ku
- Japan
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