1
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Hoque MA, Jiang T, Poole DL, Stahl SS. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides Using Water as the Source of Oxygen Atoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21960-21967. [PMID: 39042816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen-atom transfer reactions are a prominent class of synthetic redox reactions that often use high-energy oxygen-atom donor reagents. Electrochemical methods can bypass these reagents by using water as the source of oxygen atoms through pathways involving direct or indirect (mediated) electrolysis. Here, manganese porphyrins and related mediators are shown to be effective molecular electrocatalysts for selective oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides, without overoxidation to the sulfone. The reactions proceed by proton-coupled oxidation of a MnIII-OH2 species to generate a MnIV-OH and MnV═O species. This methodology is compared to direct electrolysis methods initiated by single-electron oxidation of the thioether, and chloride-mediated electrochemical oxidation of thioethers. The Mn-mediated reactions operate at lower applied potential and exhibit improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility relative to direct electrolysis, and the tunability of the Mn-based mediators allows for improved performance relative to chloride-mediated electrolysis. An electrochemical parallel screening platform is developed and applied to a library of pharmaceutically relevant thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tianxiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Darren L Poole
- Molecular Modalities Capabilities, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Kamata K, Kuriyama M, Tahara H, Nishikawa A, Yamamoto K, Demizu Y, Onomura O. One-pot C(sp 3)-H difluoroalkylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines and isochromans via electrochemical oxidation and organozinc alkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6395-6398. [PMID: 38832582 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The C(sp3)-H difluoroalkylation for the introduction of carbonylated CF2 groups into tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and isochromans has been achieved by using electrochemical oxidation and organozinc alkylation. This one-pot process proceeded smoothly under transition-metal catalyst- and chemical oxidant-free conditions, and the desired products were obtained in good to high yields with a broad scope, except for N-Boc-THIQ. In addition, the gram-scale experiment successfully demonstrated the promising scalability. This is the first example of an electrochemical method for C(sp3)-H difluoroalkylation of amines and ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kamata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Tahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Akira Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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3
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Shukla G, Singh M, Kumar Yadav A, Shankar Singh M. Aromatic C(sp 2 )-H Functionalization by Consecutive Paired Electrolysis: Dibromination of Aryl Amines with Dibromoethane at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2023:e202303179. [PMID: 38078727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a facile and efficient electrochemical method for the dibromination of aryl amines by double functionalization of aromatic C(sp2 )-H (both para and ortho) under metal- and external oxidant-free conditions at room temperature for the first time. The reaction is demonstrated using 1,2-dibromoethane to dibrominate a wide range of N-substituted aryl amines in a simple setup with C(+)/Pt(-) electrodes under mild reaction conditions. This transformation proceeds smoothly with a broad substrate scope affording the valuable and versatile N-substituted 2,4-dibromoanilines in moderate to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. In this paired electrolysis, cathodic reduction of 1,2-DBE followed by anodic oxidation generates bromonium intermediates, which then couple with anilines to furnish the dibrominated products. It represents a distinctive approach to challenging redox-neutral reactions. The versatility of the electrochemical ortho-, para-dibromination was reflected by unique regioselectivities for challenging aryl amines and gram-scale electrosynthesis without the use of a stoichiometric oxidant or an activating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Malkeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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4
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Chen SJ, Zhong WQ, Huang JM. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylation and Sulfonylation of N-Allylamides: Synthesis of Oxazoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12630-12640. [PMID: 37579302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated and sulfonylated oxazolines by electrochemical radical cascade cyclizations of N-allylamides with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate or sulfonylhydrazines. This protocol provides a green and useful strategy to synthesize trifluoromethylated and sulfonylated oxazolines with a broad substrate scope under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
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5
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Arteaga Giraldo JJ, Lindsay AC, Seo RCY, Kilmartin PA, Sperry J. Electrochemical oxidation of 3-substituted indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37366580 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00831b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxindoles are an abundant heteroaromatic motif in natural products and pharmaceuticals. An appealing method for accessing 2-oxindoles is by oxidation of the corresponding indole, a transformation currently executed using stoichiometric quantities of unsafe chemical oxidants that can also form unwanted side-products. Herein, we report that 3-substituted indoles undergo a logistically straightforward, electrochemical oxidation to the corresponding 2-oxindole in the presence of potassium bromide (>20 examples), with only traces of the oxidative dimer detected. Cyclic voltammetry and control studies infer that the reaction proceeds by electrochemical generation of elemental bromine (Br2) that upon reaction with indole, followed by hydrolysis, delivers the 2-oxindole. This procedure is an appealing alternative to existing methods used to access 2-oxindoles by oxidation of the parent indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Arteaga Giraldo
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ashley C Lindsay
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rachel Chae-Young Seo
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
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6
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Li J, Liu C, Zhao Z, Wang X, Chen D, Yue K, Chen S, Jin M, Shan Y. Halogen cation-promoted and solvent-regulated electrophilic cyclization for the regioselective synthesis of 3-haloquinolines and 3-halospirocyclohexadienones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2440-2446. [PMID: 36876461 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for the production of halogen cations through the reaction of halogens with silver ions is described in this paper. On this basis, the regioselective synthesis of 3-haloquinolines and 3-halospirocyclohexadienones is realized through solvent regulation. The gram-scale reaction and the compatibility of complex substrates demonstrate the synthetic potential of this protocol, which will be an appealing strategy in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Li
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Chengxiao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Zihan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Dianpeng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Yue
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Sihan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Ming Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Yingying Shan
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
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7
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Electrochemical synthesis of 5-trifluoroethyl dihydrobenzimidazo[2,1-a] isoquinolines from pendent unactivated alkenes via radical relay. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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8
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Tan X, Wang Q, Sun J. Electricity-driven asymmetric bromocyclization enabled by chiral phosphate anion phase-transfer catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:357. [PMID: 36690612 PMCID: PMC9870882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Electricity-driven asymmetric catalysis is an emerging powerful tool in organic synthesis. However, asymmetric induction so far has mainly relied on forming strong bonds with a chiral catalyst. Asymmetry induced by weak interactions with a chiral catalyst in an electrochemical medium remains challenging due to compatibility issues related to solvent polarity, electrolyte interference, etc. Enabled by a properly designed phase-transfer strategy, here we have achieved two efficient electricity-driven catalytic asymmetric bromocyclization processes induced by weak ion-pairing interaction. The combined use of a phase-transfer catalyst and a chiral phosphate catalyst, together with NaBr as the bromine source, constitutes the key advantages over the conventional chemical oxidation approach. Synergy over multiple events, including anodic oxidation, ion exchange, phase transfer, asymmetric bromination, and inhibition of Br2 decomposition by NaHCO3, proved critical to the success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Tan
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute, Institute for Advanced Study, and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China ,grid.495521.eHKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Rd, 518057 Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingli Wang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute, Institute for Advanced Study, and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China ,grid.510951.90000 0004 7775 6738Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute, Institute for Advanced Study, and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China ,grid.495521.eHKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Rd, 518057 Shenzhen, China
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9
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Chen J, Xiao Y, You X, Li S, Fu Y, Ouyang Y. Electrochemical Oxidative Selenation of 4
H
‐Pyrido‐[1,2‐
a
]‐pyrimidin‐4‐ones with Diorganyldiselenides. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Chen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Recycled Aluminum Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan 418008 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangtze Normal University, Fuling Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangtze Normal University, Fuling Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Xianhui You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangtze Normal University, Fuling Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Shiqi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangtze Normal University, Fuling Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Yuwei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangtze Normal University, Fuling Chongqing 408100 China
| | - Yuejun Ouyang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Recycled Aluminum Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan 418008 China
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10
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Elinson MN, Vereshchagin AN, Ryzhkova YE, Karpenko KA, Ryzhkov FV, Egorov MP. Electrocatalytic Cascade Selective Approach to 3-Aryl-2' H,3 H,4 H-Spiro{Furo[2,3- с]Chromene-2,5'-Pyrimidine}-2',4,4',6'(1' H,3' H)Tetraones and Its Automatic Screening Docking Studies. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail N. Elinson
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya E. Ryzhkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill A. Karpenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fedor V. Ryzhkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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TBAI/H2O-cooperative electrocatalytic decarboxylation coupling-annulation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with N-arylglycines. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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13
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Choi W, Han DS, Park H. Reactive Halogen Species-Mediated Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Arsenite(III). J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8459-8467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjung Choi
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu41566, Korea
| | - Dong Suk Han
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha2713, Qatar
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu41566, Korea
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14
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Osminin VI, Mironenko AA, Dahno PG, Nazarenko MA, Oflidi AI, Dotsenko VV, Strelkov VD, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV. Electrochemical Oxidation of 3-Aryl-2-cyanothioacrylamides. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Zhang H, Liang S, Wei D, Xu K, Zeng C. Electrocatalytic Generation of Acyl Radicals and Their Applications. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Beijing University of Technology 100 Pingleyuan Rd. 100124 Beijing China
| | - Sen Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry Beijing Technology and Business University 100048 Beijing China
| | - Dengchao Wei
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Beijing University of Technology 100 Pingleyuan Rd. 100124 Beijing China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Beijing University of Technology 100 Pingleyuan Rd. 100124 Beijing China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Beijing University of Technology 100 Pingleyuan Rd. 100124 Beijing China
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16
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Chen J, Zhang R, Ma C, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Wang B, Xue F, Jin W, Xia Y, Liu C. Sustainable electrochemical dearomatization for the synthesis of diverse 2, 3-functionalized indolines. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Chen C, Liu RX, Xiong F, Li ZH, Kang JC, Ding TM, Zhang SY. Electrochemical collective synthesis of labeled pyrroloindoline alkaloids with Freon-type methanes as functional C1 synthons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9230-9233. [PMID: 35899819 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of Freon-type methanes as functional one-carbon synthons in the synthesis of various deuterated indoline alkaloids was demonstrated here. A series of halomethyl radicals were generated from electro-reductive C-X cleavage of Freon-type methanes and captured efficiently by acrylamides to provide various halogenated oxindoles via radical cyclization. This reaction features good functional group tolerance, and deuterium and fluorine atoms could be introduced facilely from Freon-type methanes. Further transformation of halogenated oxindoles enabled the synthesis of many (labeled) bioactive drug molecules and skeletons, such as deuterated (±)-physostigmine, deuterated (±)-esermethole and deuterated (±)-lansai B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Ru-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Jun-Chen Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.
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18
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Multicomponent Electrocatalytic Selective Approach to Unsymmetrical Spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] Scaffold under a Column Chromatography-Free Protocol at Room Temperature. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis suggested a mild, green and atom-efficient route to interesting and useful molecules, thus avoiding harsh chemical oxidizing and reducing agents used in traditional synthetic methods. Organic electrochemistry offers an excellent alternative to conventional methods of organic synthesis and creates a modern tool for carrying out organic synthesis, including cascade and multicomponent ones. In this research, a novel electrocatalytic multicomponent transformation was found: the electrochemical multicomponent assembly of arylaldehydes, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one in one pot reaction was carried out in alcohols in an undivided cell in the presence of alkali metal halides with the selective formation of substituted unsymmetrical 1′,3′,6-trimethyl-3-aryl-2′H,3H,4H-spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine]-2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3′H)-tetraones in 73–82% yields. This new electrocatalytic process is a selective, facile and efficient way to obtain spiro[furo[3,2-c]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines]. According to screening molecular docking data using a self-made Python script in Flare, all synthesized compounds may be prominent for different medical applications, such as breast cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and treatments connected with urinary tract, bones and the cardiovascular system.
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19
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Malviya BK, Jassal AK, Karnatak M, Verma VP, Sharma S. Electro-Oxidative sp 3 C-H Bond Functionalization and Annulation Cascade: Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic Substituted Indolizines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2898-2911. [PMID: 35104140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Indolizine derivatives are prevalent in many synthetic intermediates, pharmaceuticals, and organic materials. Herein, we report a novel electro-oxidative cascade cyclization reaction that uses electricity as the primary energy input to promote the reaction, leading to a series of heterocyclic substituted indolizine derivatives under exogenous-oxidant-free conditions. It is noteworthy that this electrochemical method provides a novel strategy for generating heterocyclic diversity of quinazolinones and quinolines on indolizines. In addition, the sole byproduct in the reaction was molecular hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanwar Kumar Malviya
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur Jassal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai-Jodhpuriya Road, Vanasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai-Jodhpuriya Road, Vanasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
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20
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Hou H, Ma X, Ye Y, Wu M, Shi S, Zheng W, Lin M, Sun W, Ke F. Non-metal-mediated N-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-induced acceptorless dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles via electrocatalysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5483-5488. [PMID: 35425580 PMCID: PMC8981507 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08919f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of protocols for direct catalytic acceptorless dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles with metal-free catalysts holds the key to difficulties in green and sustainable chemistry. Herein, an N-oxyl radical (TEMPO) acting as an oxidant in combination with electrochemistry is used as a synthesis system under neutral conditions to produce N-heterocycles such as benzimidazole and quinazolinone. The key feature of this protocol is the utilization of the TEMPO system as an inexpensive and easy to handle radical surrogate that can effectively promote the dehydrogenation reaction. Mechanistic studies also suggest that oxidative TEMPOs redox catalytic cycle participates in the dehydrogenation of 2,3-dihydro heteroarenes. The development of protocols for direct catalytic acceptorless dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles with metal-free catalysts holds the key to difficulties in green and sustainable chemistry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xinhua Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Yaling Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Mei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Sunjie Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Wenhe Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Mei Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Fang Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
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21
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Yu Y, Jiang YM, Zhu XB, Lin YY, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical β-chlorosulfoxidation of alkenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and sustainable electrochemical β-chlorosulfoxidation of alkenes with readily available thiols and hydrochloride as the limiting agents has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yong-Ying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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22
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Chen JY, Li HX, Mu SY, Song HY, Wu ZL, Yang TB, Jiang J, He WM. Electrocatalytic three-component synthesis of 4-halopyrazoles with sodium halide as the halogen source. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8501-8505. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The first example of the electrocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of 4-chloro/bromo/iodopyrazoles from hydrazines, acetylacetones and sodium halides under chemical oxidant- and external electrolyte-free conditions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yang Chen
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hong-Xia Li
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Si-Yu Mu
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hai-Yang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Tian-Bao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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23
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Electrochemical intramolecular haloheterocyclization reactions using 1,2-dihaloethanes as halogenating reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Li H, Chen P, Wu Z, Lu Y, Peng J, Chen J, He W. Electrochemical Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Five-Membered Aromatic Heterocycles with NH 4SCN. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Zheng Y, Cheung YT, Liang L, Qiu H, Zhang L, Tsang A, Chen Q, Tong R. Electrochemical oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines in a zero-gap flow cell. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10479-10485. [PMID: 36277623 PMCID: PMC9473527 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03951f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs) is one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of biologically active spirooxindoles, including natural products and drug molecules. Here, we report the first electrochemical approach to achieve this important organic transformation in a flow cell. The key to the high efficiency was the use of a multifunctional LiBr electrolyte, where the bromide (Br−) ion acts as a mediator and catalyst and lithium ion (Li+) acts as a likely hydrophilic spectator, which might considerably reduce diffusion of THβCs into the double layer and thus prevent possible nonselective electrode oxidation of indoles. Additionally, we build a zero-gap flow cell to speed up mass transport and minimize concentration polarization, simultaneously achieving a high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 96% and an outstanding productivity of 0.144 mmol (h−1 cm−2). This electrochemical method is demonstrated with twenty substrates, offering a general, green path towards bioactive spirooxindoles without using hazardous oxidants. A zero-gap flow cell was designed for the first electro-oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines to spirooxindoles with high yield, faradaic efficiency and productivity when LiBr was discovered as a bi-functional mediator and catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuen Tsz Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Anson Tsang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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26
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Electrochemical oxidative bromolactonization of unsaturated carboxylic acids with sodium bromide: Synthesis of bromomethylated γ-lactones. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Sustainable radical approaches for cross electrophile coupling to synthesize trifluoromethyl- and allyl-substituted tert-alcohols. iScience 2021; 24:103388. [PMID: 34841228 PMCID: PMC8605352 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluoromethylated molecules have gained privileged recognition among the medicinal and pharmaceutical chemists. Sustainable photoredox- and electrochemical processes were employed to facilitate the relatively less explored radical cross-electrophile coupling to access trifluoromethyl- and allyl-substituted tert-alcohols. Reactions proceed through trifluoromethyl ketyl radical and allyl radical intermediates, which undergo challenging radical-radical cross-coupling. The developed transformations are mild and chemo-selective to give cross-coupled products and deliver a wide range of valuable trifluoromethyl- and allyl-containing tertiary alcohols. Both processes can also be applied for the synthesis of amine variant containing trifluoromethyl and allyl moiety, which is considered as amide bioisostere.
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28
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Liu X, Cai TC, Guo D, Nong Z, Yang Y, Li Q, Jiang H, Liu X, Gui QW. Electrosynthesis of S-thiocarbamates with disulfides as a sulfur source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:657-660. [PMID: 34914819 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical oxidative synthesis of S-thiocarbamates by a carbamothioation reaction via a three-component coupling reaction (disulfide, water and isocyanide) is developed, which avoids the use of external oxidants and generates only hydrogen gas as the by-product. With NH4I as the mediator and electrolyte, the desired S-thiocarbamates were obtained in good yields in an undivided cell at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Cheng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dingyi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhibin Nong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China. .,College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingru Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Wen Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China. .,College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
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29
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Jiang C, Li M, Xu L, Yi Y, Ye J, Hu A. Electrochemical synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from amidoximes through dehydrogenative cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10611-10616. [PMID: 34854450 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient method for the generation of the iminoxy radical through anodic oxidation was developed for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from N-benzyl amidoximes. The transformation proceeds through 1.5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer (1,5-HAT) and intramolecular cyclization. The process features simple operation, mild conditions, broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility, and provides a facile and practical way for the preparation of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Mingfang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Leitao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Yangjie Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jiao Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Aixi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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30
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Guschakowski M, Schröder U. Direct and Indirect Electrooxidation of Glycerol to Value-Added Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5216-5225. [PMID: 33945223 PMCID: PMC9290622 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different approaches for the direct and indirect electrooxidation of glycerol, a by-product of oleochemistry and biodiesel production, for the synthesis of value-added products and of intermediates for biofuel/electrofuel production, were investigated and compared. For the direct electrooxidation, metallic catalysts were used, whose surfaces were modified by promoters or second catalysts. Bi-modified Pt electrodes (Ptx Biy /C) served as model systems for promoter-supported electrocatalysis, whereas IrO2 -modified RuO2 electrodes were studied as catalyst combinations, which were compared under acidic conditions with the respective monometallic catalysts (Pt/C, RuO2 /Ti, IrO2 /Ti). Furthermore, inorganic halide mediators (chloride, bromide, iodide) and organic nitroxyl mediators (4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl and 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl) were evaluated for indirect electrooxidation. These different approaches were discussed regarding selectivity, conversion, and coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical glycerol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guschakowski
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
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31
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Shi G, Sun J, Chen Z. One‐Pot Electro‐Oxidative Annulation Reactions: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Anilines and Alkynoates. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P.R. China
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32
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Electrosynthesis of N-unsubstituted enaminosulfones from vinyl azides and sodium sulfinates mediated by NH4I. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Gu Q, Wang X, Liu X, Wu G, Xie Y, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Zeng X. Electrochemical sulfonylation of enamides with sodium sulfinates to access β-amidovinyl sulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8295-8300. [PMID: 34519742 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical sulfonylation of enamides with sodium sulfinates was developed in an undivided cell in constant current mode, leading to the formation of β-amidovinyl sulfones in moderate to good yields. The catalyst-, electrolyte- and oxidant-free protocol features good functional group tolerance and employs electric current as a green oxidant. Mechanistic insights into the reaction indicate that the reaction may proceed via a radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guixia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yushan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Gui QW, Xiong ZY, Teng F, Cai TC, Li Q, Hu W, Wang X, Yu J, Liu X. Electrochemically promoted oxidative α-cyanation of tertiary and secondary amines using cheap AIBN. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8254-8258. [PMID: 34523663 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical α-cyanation of tertiary and secondary amines has been developed by using a cheap cyanide reagent, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The CN radical, generated through n-Bu4NBr-meidated electrochemical oxidation, participates in a novel α-cyanation reaction under exogenous oxidant-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Teng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Cheng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China. .,College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jialing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Zhong Z, Xu P, Ma J, Zhou A. Electrochemical cross-coupling reactions of sodium arenesulfinates with thiophenols and phenols. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Mulina OM, Doronin MM, Kostyagina VA, Timofeev GP. Electrochemical Synthesis of gem-Bis(sulfenyl)enamines from Vinyl Azides and Thiols. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Lindsay AC, Kilmartin PA, Sperry J. Synthesis of 3-nitroindoles by sequential paired electrolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7903-7913. [PMID: 34549223 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitroindoles are synthetically versatile intermediates but current methods for the preparation hinder their widespread application. Herein, we report that nitroenamines undergo electrochemical cyclisation to 3-nitroindoles in the presence of potassium iodide. Detailed control experiments and cyclic voltammogram studies infer the reaction proceeds via a sequential paired electrolysis process, beginning with anodic oxidation of iodide (I-) to the iodine radical (I˙), which facilitates cyclisation of the nitroenamine to give a 3-nitroindolinyl radical. Cathodic reduction and protonation generates a 3-nitroindoline that upon oxidation forms the 3-nitroindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Lindsay
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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38
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Hu Y, Hou H, Yu L, Zhou S, Wu X, Sun W, Ke F. Electro-oxidative cyclization: access to quinazolinones via K 2S 2O 8 without transition metal catalyst and base. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31650-31655. [PMID: 35496883 PMCID: PMC9041726 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A K2S2O8-promoted oxidative tandem cyclization of primary alcohols with 2-aminobenzamides to synthesize quinazolinones was successfully achieved under undivided electrolytic conditions without a transition metal and base. The key feature of this protocol is the utilization of K2S2O8 as an inexpensive and easy-to-handle radical surrogate that can effectively promote the reaction via a simple procedure, leading to the formation of nitrogen heterocycles via direct oxidative cyclization at room temperature in a one-pot procedure under constant current. Owing to the use of continuous-flow electrochemical setups, this green, mild and practical electrosynthesis features high efficiency and excellent functional group tolerance and is easy to scale up. A K2S2O8-promoted oxidative tandem cyclization of primary alcohols with 2-aminobenzamides to synthesize quinazolinones was successfully achieved under undivided electrolytic conditions without a transition metal and base.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Hu
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 China +86-591-22862016 +86-591-22862016
| | - Huiqing Hou
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 China +86-591-22862016 +86-591-22862016
| | - Ling Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xingtai University Xingtai 054001 P. R. China
| | - Sunying Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 China +86-591-22862016 +86-591-22862016
| | - Xianghua Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University Kunming 650092 P. R. China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 China +86-591-22862016 +86-591-22862016
| | - Fang Ke
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 China +86-591-22862016 +86-591-22862016
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39
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Chen JY, Wu HY, Gui QW, Yan SS, Deng J, Lin YW, Cao Z, He WM. Sustainable electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 4-quinolones and diorganyl diselenides. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Yamamoto K, Toguchi H, Kuriyama M, Watanabe S, Iwasaki F, Onomura O. Electrophotochemical Ring-Opening Bromination of tert-Cycloalkanols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16177-16186. [PMID: 34461014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An electrophotochemical ring-opening bromination of unstrained tert-cycloalkanols has been developed. This electrophotochemical method enables the oxidative transformation of cycloalkanols with 5- to 7-membered rings into synthetically useful ω-bromoketones without the use of chemical oxidants or transition-metal catalysts. Alkoxy radical species would be key intermediates in the present transformation, which generate through homolysis of the O-Br bond in hypobromite intermediates under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toguchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Tokuyama Corporation, 40 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Iwasaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Tokuyama Corporation, 40 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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41
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Lin Y, Jin J, Wang C, Wan JP, Liu Y. Electrochemical C-H Halogenations of Enaminones and Electron-Rich Arenes with Sodium Halide (NaX) as Halogen Source for the Synthesis of 3-Halochromones and Haloarenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12378-12385. [PMID: 34392684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Without employing an external oxidant, the simple synthesis of 3-halochromones and various halogenated electron-rich arenes has been realized with electrode oxidation by employing the simplest sodium halide (NaX, X = Cl, Br, I) as halogen source. This electrochemical method is advantageous for the simple and mild room temperature operation, environmental friendliness as well as broad substrate scope in both C-H bond donor and halogen source components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jin
- BioDuro-Sundia, 233 North FuTe Road, Shanghai200131, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang330022, People's Republic of China
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42
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Yi RN, Wu ZL, Ouyang WT, Wang WF, He WM. Green synthesis of 4-organylselanyl-1H-pyrazoles through electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling of 1H-pyrazoles and diorganyl diselenides. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Feng H, Wang F, Cao L, Van der Eycken EV, Yin X. Switchable Mono‐ and Dipropargylation of Amino Alcohols: A Unique Property of the Iodide Anion in Controlling Ring‐Opening Alkynylation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huangdi Feng
- Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Leilei Cao
- Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Department of Chemistry KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001 Belgium
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia RUDN University) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street Moscow 117198 Russia
| | - Xiaoying Yin
- Department College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 China
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44
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Tomboc GM, Park Y, Lee K, Jin K. Directing transition metal-based oxygen-functionalization catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8967-8995. [PMID: 34276926 PMCID: PMC8261717 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01272j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the recent progress of oxygen functionalization reactions based on non-electrochemical (conventional organic synthesis) and electrochemical methods. Although both methods have their advantages and limitations, the former approach has been used to synthesize a broader range of organic substances as the latter is limited by several factors, such as poor selectivity and high energy cost. However, because electrochemical methods can replace harmful terminal oxidizers with external voltage, organic electrosynthesis has emerged as greener and more eco-friendly compared to conventional organic synthesis. The progress of electrochemical methods toward oxygen functionalization is presented by an in-depth discussion of different types of electrically driven-chemical organic synthesis, with particular attention to recently developed electrochemical systems and catalyst designs. We hope to direct the attention of readers to the latest breakthroughs of traditional oxygen functionalization reactions and to the potential of electrochemistry for the transformation of organic substrates to useful end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracita M Tomboc
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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45
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Elinson MN, Ryzhkova YE, Vereshchagin AN, Ryzhkov FV, Egorov MP. Electrocatalytic multicomponent one‐pot approach to tetrahydro‐2′
H
,
4
H
‐spiro[benzofuran‐2,5′‐pyrimidine] scaffold. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail N. Elinson
- Department of Organic Chemistry N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya E. Ryzhkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- Department of Organic Chemistry N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Fedor V. Ryzhkov
- Department of Organic Chemistry N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- Department of Organic Chemistry N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Moscow Russian Federation
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46
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Ryzhkov FV, Elinson MN, Ryzhkova YE, Vereshchagin AN, Fakhrutdinov AN, Egorov MP. Electrocatalytic cascade approach to the synthesis of dihydro-2'H,3H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,5'-pyrimidines]. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Elinson MN, Ryzhkova YE, Vereshchagin AN, Ryzhkov FV, Kalashnikova VM, Egorov MP. Direct and efficient electrocatalytic multicomponent assembling of arylaldehydes, malononitrile, and pyrazolin-5-ones into spirocyclopropyl pyrazolone scaffold. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Efficient Electrocatalytic Approach to Spiro[Furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidine] Scaffold as Inhibitor of Aldose Reductase. ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuously growing interest in convenient and ‘green’ reaction techniques encourages organic chemists to elaborate on new synthetic methodologies. Nowadays, organic electrochemistry is a new useful method with important synthetic and ecological advantages. The employment of an electrocatalytic methodology in cascade reactions is very promising because it provides the combination of the synthetic virtues of the cascade strategy with the ecological benefits and convenience of electrocatalytic procedures. In this research, a new type of the electrocatalytic cascade transformation was found: the electrochemical cyclization of 1,3-dimethyl-5-[[3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl](aryl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-triones was carried out in alcohols in an undivided cell in the presence of sodium halides with the selective formation of spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] in 59-95% yields. This new electrocatalytic process is a selective, facile, and efficient way to create spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines], which are pharmacologically active heterocyclic systems with different biomedical applications. Spiro[furo[3,2-b]pyran-2,5′-pyrimidines] were found to occupy the binding pocket of aldose reductase and inhibit it. The values of the binding energy and Lead Finder’s Virtual Screening scoring function showed that the formation of protein–ligand complexes was favorable. The synthesized compounds are promising for the inhibition of aldose reductase. This makes them interesting for study in the treatment of diabetes or similar diseases.
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49
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An electrochemical multicomponent [3 + 1 + 1] annulations to synthesize polysubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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50
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Electrochemical transient iodination and coupling for selenylated 4-anilinocoumarin synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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