1
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Wang S, Ye Y, Shen H, Liu J, Liu Z, Jiang Z, Lei J, Zhang Y. Visible-light induced C(sp 3)-H arylation of glycine derivatives by cerium catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8364-8371. [PMID: 37815482 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01458d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A Ce(III)-catalyzed, visible-light induced aerobic oxidative dehydrogenative coupling reaction between glycine derivatives and electron-rich arenes is disclosed. The protocol proceeds efficiently under mild conditions, providing an efficient method for the rapid synthesis of α-arylglycine derivatives without the need for an external photosensitizer and additional oxidant. Moreover, this protocol could be performed on a 5 mmol scale, without obvious reduction of the efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yanjie Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Hailong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Jiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhao Liu
- First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhigen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Junqiang Lei
- First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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2
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Wang S, Gao Y, Hu Y, Zhou J, Chen Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Direct annulation between glycine derivatives and thiiranes through photoredox/iron cooperative catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12783-12786. [PMID: 37815520 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced aerobic oxidative [2+3] cycloaddition reaction between glycine derivatives and thiiranes has been disclosed, which provides an efficient and atom-economical strategy for the rapid synthesis of thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives and the post-modification of glycine-derived dipeptides under mild conditions with good yield and high diastereoselectivities. A preliminary mechanistic study favors a pathway involving a cooperative photoredox catalysis and iron catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yansong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Jintao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhidang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhao Liu
- First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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3
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Debruyne M, Borgmans S, Radhakrishnan S, Breynaert E, Vrielinck H, Leus K, Laemont A, De Vos J, Rawat KS, Vanlommel S, Rijckaert H, Salemi H, Everaert J, Vanden Bussche F, Poelman D, Morent R, De Geyter N, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V, Stevens CV. Engineering of Phenylpyridine- and Bipyridine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Tandem Aerobic Oxidation/Povarov Cyclization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:35092-35106. [PMID: 37462114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as a new class of photoactive organic semiconductors, which possess crystalline ordered structures and high surface areas. COFs can be tailor-made toward specific (photocatalytic) applications, and the size and position of their band gaps can be tuned by the choice of building blocks and linkages. However, many types of building blocks are still unexplored as photocatalytic moieties and the scope of reactions photocatalyzed by COFs remains quite limited. In this work, we report the synthesis and application of two bipyridine- or phenylpyridine-based COFs: TpBpyCOF and TpPpyCOF. Due to their good photocatalytic properties, both materials were applied as metal-free photocatalysts for the tandem aerobic oxidation/Povarov cyclization and α-oxidation of N-aryl glycine derivatives, with the bipyridine-based TpBpyCOF exhibiting the highest activity. By expanding the range of reactions that can be photocatalyzed by COFs, this work paves the way toward the more widespread application of COFs as metal-free heterogeneous photocatalysts as a convenient alternative for commonly used homogeneous (metal-based) photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Debruyne
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sander Borgmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- NMR/X-ray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe) & Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis: Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f─Box 2461, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- NMR/X-ray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe) & Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis: Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f─Box 2461, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Henk Vrielinck
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Andreas Laemont
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Juul De Vos
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Kuber Singh Rawat
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Siebe Vanlommel
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Hannes Rijckaert
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hadi Salemi
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Flore Vanden Bussche
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Poelman
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S1), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 (B4), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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4
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Sang T, Liang J, Huang S, Guo G, Yang J, Bao X, Huo C. Oxidative Tandem Cyclization of Glycine Esters with Propargyl Alcohols. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37422896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A facile and efficient aerobic oxidative (4 + 2)-cyclization/aromatization/lactonization tandem reaction of N-aryl glycine esters with propargyl alcohols to access quinoline-fused lactones is reported. The reaction can be extended to homopropargylic alcohols too. The transformation is straightforward to perform under mild conditions and scalable, and both reaction components are readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhi Sang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jia Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Songhai Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Guozhe Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiazhen Bao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Congde Huo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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5
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Wang S, Ye Y, Hu Y, Meng X, Liu Z, Liu J, Chen K, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Visible-light-induced C sp3-H functionalization of glycine derivatives by cerium catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2628-2631. [PMID: 36762590 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07071e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A Ce(III)-catalyzed, visible-light-induced aerobic oxidative dehydrogenative coupling/aromatization reaction between glycine derivatives and alkenes has been developed, which provides an efficient approach for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives and post-modification of oligopeptides containing glycine residues under mild conditions without the need for external photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yanjie Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yansong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Meng
- First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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6
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Han H, Zheng X, Qiao C, Xia Z, Yang Q, Di L, Xing Y, Xie G, Zhou C, Wang W, Chen S. A Stable Zn-MOF for Photocatalytic C sp3–H Oxidation: Vinyl Double Bonds Boosting Electron Transfer and Enhanced Oxygen Activation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengfang Qiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Tailings Resources, College of Chemical Engineering and Modern Materials, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengqiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Di
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Xing
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Tailings Resources, College of Chemical Engineering and Modern Materials, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Jiang C, Sha X, Ni C, Qin W, Zhu X, Wang S, Li X, Lu H. Visible-Light-Promoted Cross Dehydrogenative/Decarboxylative Coupling Cascades of Glycine Ester Derivatives and β-Keto Acids. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8744-8751. [PMID: 35708260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced dehydrogenative/decarboxylative coupling reaction of arylglycine derivatives and β-keto acids is described. This photocatalyst- and additive-free protocol can be applied in the efficient synthesis of γ-keto glycine derivatives under ambient conditions. Further uses of this methodology and a plausible mechanism are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Xuefei Sha
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Cheng Ni
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Xuejie Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
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8
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Kumar A, Dhameliya TM, Sharma K, Patel KA, Hirani RV. Environmentally Benign Approaches towards the Synthesis of Quinolines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kumar
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Manesar 122 413 Haryana India
| | - Tejas M. Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 Gujarat India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Manesar 122 413 Haryana India
| | - Krupa A. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 Gujarat India
| | - Rajvi V. Hirani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 Gujarat India
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9
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Ali S, Khan AT. An environmentally benign regioselective synthesis of 2-benzyl-4-arylquinoline derivatives using aryl amines, styrene oxides and aryl acetylenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8772-8782. [PMID: 34591056 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01699g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel and an expedient metal- and solvent-free synthesis of a wide variety of 2-benzyl-4-arylquinoline derivatives is described from readily available aryl amines, styrene oxides and aryl acetylenes in the presence of 10 mol% molecular iodine. This domino reaction occurs under metal- and solvent-free conditions at 120 °C, which avoids the usage of metal catalyst and as a consequence generation of metal waste. The salient features of this methodology are the use of simple starting materials, ease of handling, high regioselectivity, shorter reaction time, atom-economical, step-economical, the formation of one C-N and two C-C bonds and a wide range of functional groups tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
| | - Abu T Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
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10
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Abstract
The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class-either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization-lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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11
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Ali S, Khan AT. Metal-free synthesis of quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylate derivatives using aryl amines and acetylenedicarboxylates through a pseudo three-component reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7041-7050. [PMID: 34341812 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01188j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, useful and one-pot protocol for the synthesis of quinoline-2,4-dicarboxylate scaffolds is accomplished from aryl amines and dimethyl/diethyl acetylenedicarboxylates using 20 mol% molecular iodine as a catalyst in acetonitrile at 80 °C. In addition, the mechanistic explanation for the formation of the desired products is disclosed. The pivotal role of molecular iodine in the formation of the major products, diester quinoline derivatives, and the minor product, triesters, in two cases is described in the mechanism. The notable advantages of this method are non-involvement of a metal catalyst, avoiding of metal contamination in the final product as well as waste generation, use of a low cost and eco-friendly catalyst, ease of handling, high regioselectivity, shorter reaction time, the formation of one C-N and two C-C bonds and a broad substrate scope with good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
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12
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Fansher DJ, Granger R, Kaur S, Palmer DRJ. Repurposing an Aldolase for the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Fansher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Richard Granger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Satinderpal Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - David R. J. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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