1
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Chao W, Qiu L, Gao L, Feng J, Liu Y, Yan L, Jiang Y, Lv Q. Antifungal Tetrahydrocarbazole Compound CAR-8 Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Candida albicans. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2705-2716. [PMID: 38989983 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of new effective antifungal agents is essential to combat fungal infections. Tetrahydrocarbazole has been exploited as a promising skeleton against various pathogenic microorganisms and is used to search for novel active antifungal compounds. In this study, a library composed of small tetrahydrocarbazole compounds was screened, and a potent antifungal agent, CAR-8, was identified with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-4 μg/mL against Candida albicans. CAR-8 showed strong fungicidal activities and killed almost all C. albicans within 3 h at a concentration of 16 μg/mL. At concentrations of 2 and 8 μg/mL, CAR-8 significantly inhibited the formation of hyphae and biofilms. Moreover, CAR-8 at 10 and 20 mg/kg reduced the fungal load and improved the survival in the C. albicans infection model in the invertebrate Galleria mellonella. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant changes in the expression of genes associated with protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-associated degradation, and unfolded protein response (UPR), which suggested that CAR-8 treatment induced ER stress. Moreover, CAR-8 treatment resulted in various phenotypes similar to tunicamycin, a classical ER stress inducer. These included nonconventional splicing of HAC1 mRNA, the fragmented morphology of ER, the distribution changes of GFP-Snc1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cell apoptosis probably caused by ER stress. More importantly, the disruption of IRE1 or HAC1 increased the sensitivity of C. albicans to CAR-8, confirming that the UPR signaling pathway was critical for CAR-8 resistance. Overall, our study identifies a potent ER stress-induced antifungal compound that will help the discovery of new antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Quanzhen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Gómez-Gil S, Solas M, Suárez-Pantiga S, Sanz R. Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of 4-Functionalized Tetrahydrocarbazol-1-ones from 1,4-Dicarbonylindole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:505-520. [PMID: 38085096 PMCID: PMC10777410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A p-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed cascade reaction is reported for the synthesis of 4-functionalized tetrahydrocarbazolones via the reaction of 4-(indol-2-yl)-4-oxobutanal derivatives with a variety of nucleophiles in acetonitrile or hexafluoroisopropanol. After the initial intramolecular Friedel-Crafts hydroxyalkylation, the 3-indolylmethanol intermediate is subsequently activated and reacted with the external nucleophile. The reaction conditions are crucial to avoid alternative reaction pathways, allowing direct substitution reaction with thiols, (hetero)arenes, alkenes, or sulfinates. The procedure features high overall yields to access a diverse family of compounds bearing the tetrahydrocarbazole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-Gil
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
| | - Marta Solas
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
| | - Samuel Suárez-Pantiga
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
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3
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He J, Liu A, Yu Y, Wang C, Mei H, Han J. Electrochemical Annulation of Indole-Tethered Alkynes Enabling Synthesis of Exocyclic Alkenyl Tetrahydrocarbazoles. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37216919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical sulfonylation-triggered cyclization reaction of indole-tethered terminal alkynes with sulfinates as sulfonyl sources has been developed, which affords exocyclic alkenyl tetrahydrocarbazoles in good chemical yields. This reaction features convenient operation and tolerates a wide scope of substrates with a variety of electronically and sterically diverse substituents. Furthermore, high E-stereoselectivity is observed for this reaction, which provides an efficient method for the preparation of functionalized tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Aiyao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chengting Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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4
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Han L, Liu T, Wang H, Luan X. Palladium-Catalyzed Alkenyl C-H Activation/Diamination toward Tetrahydrocarbazole and Analogs Using Hydroxylamines as Single-Nitrogen Sources. Org Lett 2023; 25:58-63. [PMID: 36542630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed alkenyl C-H activation/diamination reaction of cycloalkenyl bromoarenes with hydroxylamines is described. A wide range of tetrahydrocarbazoles and analogs has been prepared using fine-tuning bifunctional secondary hydroxylamines as the single-nitrogen sources. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the selective alkenyl C-H activation/diamination cascade process should build the N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Tingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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5
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Hauguel C, Pozzo J, Hamze A, Provot O. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐
b
]indole and Indolo[3,2‐
b
]indole Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hauguel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Jean‐Luc Pozzo
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR5255 351 cours Libération F-33405 Bordeaux France
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Olivier Provot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
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6
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Zhan SC, Fang RJ, Sun J, Yan CG. Copper-catalyzed multicomponent reactions for the efficient synthesis of diverse spirotetrahydrocarbazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:796-808. [PMID: 35875709 PMCID: PMC9273986 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of copper sulfate, three- or four-component reactions of 2-methylindole, aromatic aldehydes and various cyclic dienophiles in refluxing toluene afforded diverse spirotetrahydrocarbazoles. This reaction is an important development of the Levy reaction by using 2-methylindole to replace ethyl indole-2-acetate and successfully provides facile access to important polysubstituted spiro[carbazole-3,3'-indolines], spiro[carbazole-2,3'-indolines], spiro[carbazole-3,5'-pyrimidines] and spiro[carbazole-3,1'-cycloalkanes] in satisfactory yields and with high diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Zhan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ren-Jie Fang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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7
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Yu Y, Liu A, He J, Wang C, Mei H, Han J. Visible-light-irradiated tandem sulfonylation/cyclization of indole tethered alkenes for the synthesis of tetrahydrocarbazoles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Umemiya S, Lingqi K, Eto Y, Terada M. Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydrocarbazoles with Allenylsilanes from Racemic Indolylmethanols. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Umemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kong Lingqi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuno Eto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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9
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Fang RJ, Yan C, Sun J, Han Y, Yan CG. Efficient synthesis of polyfunctionalized carbazoles and pyrrolo[3,4 -c]carbazoles via domino Diels-Alder reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2425-2432. [PMID: 34621404 PMCID: PMC8450976 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The p-TsOH-catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction of 3-(indol-3-yl)maleimides with chalcone in toluene at 60 °C afforded two diastereoisomers of tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles, which can be dehydrogenated by DDQ oxidation in acetonitrile at room temperature to give the aromatized pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles in high yields. On the other hand, the one-pot reaction of 3-(indol-3-yl)-1,3-diphenylpropan-1-ones with chalcones or benzylideneacetone in acetonitrile in the presence of p-TsOH and DDQ resulted in polyfunctionalized carbazoles in satisfactory yields. The reaction mechanism included the DDQ oxidative dehydrogenation of 3-(indol-3-yl)-1,3-diphenylpropan-1-ones to the corresponding 3-vinylindoles, their acid-catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction and sequential aromatization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chen Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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10
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Yan C, Sun J, Han Y, Yan C. Domino Reaction for Synthesis of Spiro[pyrazole‐4,5′‐pyrrolo[3,4‐
c
]carbazoles] and Spiro[pyrrolo[3,4‐
c
]carbazole‐5,5′‐thiazoles]. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 P. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 P. R. China
| | - Chao‐Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 P. R. China
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11
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Ming YC, Lv XJ, Liu M, Liu YK. Synthesis of Chiral Polycyclic Tetrahydrocarbazoles by Enantioselective Aminocatalytic Double Activation of 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes with Dienals. Org Lett 2021; 23:6515-6519. [PMID: 34374287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient aminocatalytic enantioselective double-activation strategy has been developed that combines several different aminocatalytic modes in a cascade process, such as iminium ion, vinylogous iminium ion, trienamine, and dienamine activations. By using this strategy, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes worked well with various dienals via [4 + 2] cycloaddition and the oxa-Michael reaction-initiated cascade, respectively, leading to chiral polycyclic tetrahydrocarbazole and chromane derivatives with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Ming
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Lv
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan-Kai Liu
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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12
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Menkir MG, Lee SL. Counterion Effect on the Mechanism of Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 3‐Allenylmethylindoles to 4,9‐Dihydro‐1
H
‐Carbazoles: A Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu G. Menkir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University Chiayi 62102 Taiwan
| | - Shyi L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University Chiayi 62102 Taiwan
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13
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Zhan SC, Fang RJ, Sun J, Yan CG. Multicomponent Reaction for Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiro[carbazole-3,4'-pyrazoles] and Spiro[carbazole-3,4'-thiazoles]. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8726-8741. [PMID: 34111925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of copper sulfate, the three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, ethylindole-3-acetate and 4-arylidene-5-methyl-2-phenylpyrazol-3-ones, in refluxing toluene afforded spiro[carbazole-3,4'-pyrazoles] in good yields with high diastereoselectivity. More importantly, the similar CuSO4 promoted the four-component reaction of two molecular aromatic aldehydes with ethylindole-3-acetate and 5-methyl-2-phenyl-pyrazol-3-one resulted in 2,4-diarylspiro[carbazole-3,4'-pyrazoles] in satisfactory yields. Additionally, CuSO4 promoted the four-component reaction of two molecular aromatic aldehydes, ethylindole-3-acetate and 2-phenylthiazol-4-one, in refluxing toluene gave 2,4-diarylspiro[carbazole-3,4'-thiazoles] with diastereomeric ratios in the range of 3:1 to 20:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Zhan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ren-Jie Fang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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14
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Tang J, Tang Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Huang X, Xu S, Li Y. Regioselective cascade annulation of indoles with alkynediones for construction of functionalized tetrahydrocarbazoles triggered by Cp*Rh III-catalyzed C–H activation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An efficient regioselective and stereoselective cascade annulation of indoles with alkynediones has been developed for construction of free (NH) tetrahydrocarbazoles with continuous quaternary carbons via Cp*RhIII-catalyzed indole C2–H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yuhai Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yongzhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Silong Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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