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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Bifunctional iminophosphorane organocatalyst with additional hydrogen bonding: Calculations predict enhanced catalytic performance in a michael addition reaction. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108760. [PMID: 38513601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
A new iminophosphorane-thiourea superbase was rationally designed and investigated as an organocatalyst for the enantioselective Michael addition reaction of nitromethane to 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one. Starting from an iminophosphorane-thiourea organocatalyst structure already known, we have used theoretical calculations to determine the structures of transition states involved in the carbon-carbon bond formation step and carried out structural modifications to accelerate the reaction rate and to increase the enantioselectivity. The effective structural modification was adding a rigid hydroxyl group able to make an additional hydrogen bond to the transition state, producing a substantial decrease of the ΔG‡ by 7 kcal mol-1. The enantiomeric excess is predicted to be above of 97% using the reliable M06-2X and ωB97M - V functionals. The determination of the complete reaction mechanism and free energy profile was followed by a detailed microkinetic analysis. The present study points out a new direction for structural modifications on this kind of organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C Rufino
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
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2
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Resende LF, Pliego JR. Modeling the alkylation of amines with alkyl bromides: explaining the low selectivity due to multiple alkylation. J Mol Model 2024; 30:107. [PMID: 38492112 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nucleophilic substitution reactions of aliphatic amines with alkyl halides represent a simple and direct mechanism for obtaining higher-order aliphatic amines. However, it is well known that these reactions suffer from low selectivity due to multiple alkylations, which is attributed to the higher reactivity of the newly formed amine. In order to provide a detailed explanation for this kind of system, we have investigated the reactivity of primary and secondary amines with 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane. The free energy profile in acetonitrile solution was obtained and a detailed microkinetic analysis was needed to analyze this complex reaction system. We have found that the product of the first alkylation is an ion pair corresponding to the protonated secondary amine and the bromide ion, which can transfer the proton to the reactant primary amine. Then, the newly formed secondary amine can also react, leading to a second alkylation to produce a tertiary protonated amine. Our modeling points out that both the proton transfer equilibria and the similar reactivity of the primary and secondary amines produce reduced selectivity. The proton transfer equilibria also contribute to slowing down the kinetics of the first alkylation. METHODS The exploration of the mechanism was done by geometry optimization using the CPCM/X3LYP/ma-def2-SVP method, followed by harmonic frequency calculation at this same level of theory. A composite approach was used to obtain the free energy profile, using the more accurate ωB97X-D3/ma-def2-TZVPP level of theory for electronic energy and the SMD model for the solvation free energy. These calculations were performed with the ORCA 4 program. The detailed microkinetic analysis was done using the Kintecus program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Resende
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil.
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3
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Epton RG, Unsworth WP, Lynam JM. DFT Studies of Au(I) Catalysed Reactions: Anion Effects and Reaction Selectivity. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Epton
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
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4
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Buttard F, Champagne PA. Binding Modes and Origins of Enantioselectivity in the Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Conjugate Cyanation of β-Trifluoromethylated Chalcones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floris Buttard
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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5
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Wang S, Song W, Lan X, Meng X, Li N, Wei X, Jing W, Lu K, Dai Y. A density functional theory study on the mechanism of simultaneous trifluoromethylation and oximation of aryl-substituted ethylenes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221104006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different substituents, located at the para position of the aromatic ring and at the β-carbon atom of styrenes, on difunctionalizations involving trifluoromethylation and oxime formation are investigated, showing that the difunctionalization reaction has a good adaptability to such reactants containing a range of substituents. This is important in the actual production process. It was found that proton transfer in the final tautomerism step involving transformation of a nitroso intermediate into an oxime is the rate-limiting step. The solvent effect did not influence the rate-limiting step significantly. Compared with direct proton transfer in a vacuum, the energy barrier of the final tautomerism step decreased from 57.80 kcal mol−1 in vacuum to 12.98 kcal mol−1 in water occurring via mediated proton transfer, which declines by 77.5%. When water participates in the rate-limiting steps in organic solvents, the energy barrier also decreases significantly, which indicates that a small amount of water in the organic solvent is conducive to the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | | | - Xiaowei Lan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xianfu Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Kui Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
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6
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Lisboa FM, Pliego JR. S N2 versus E2 reactions in a complex microsolvated environment: theoretical analysis of the equilibrium and activation steps of a nucleophilic fluorination. J Mol Model 2022; 28:159. [PMID: 35596807 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the fluoride ion towards alkyl halides is highly dependent on the solvating environment. In polar aprotic solvents with large counter-ions is highly reactive and produces substantial E2 product, whereas in polar protic solvents leads to slow kinetics and high selectivity for SN2 reactions. The use of a more complex environment with stoichiometric addition of tert-butanol to acetonitrile solvent is able to module the reactivity and selectivity of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). In the present work, we have performed a detailed theoretical analysis of this complex reaction system by density functional theory, continuum solvation model, and including explicit tert-butanol molecules. A kinetic model based on the free energy profile was also used to predict the reactivity and selectivity. The results indicated that the TBAF(tert-butanol) complex plays the key role to increase the SN2 selectivity, whereas higher aggregates are not relevant. The E2 product is formed exclusively via free TBAF, because the solvating tert-butanol in the TBAF(tert-butanol) complex inhibits the E2 pathway. Our analysis suggests that diols or tetraols could produce an improved selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Lisboa
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil.
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7
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Liu ZL, Xu JX, Deng N, Dong Z, Shen X, Xu J, Xu HJ. Coupling of Thiols and Aryl Halides Mediated by Dicyclohexano-18-Crown-6 and Potassium Carbonate. Curr Org Synth 2022; 19:824-837. [PMID: 35418286 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220412084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A simple, transition-metal-free C-S coupling protocol for the synthesis of aryl thioethers is reported Background: Sulfur-containing moieties are ubiquitous in pharmaceutical drugs and materials and therefore methods for their construction are of great importance. One approach entails the catalytic coupling of an aryl halohydrocarbon with a thiol, but the transition metal catalysts usually used are prone to poisoning by participating sulfur species and efficient catalysis is usually only achieved after complex ligand optimization. OBJECTIVE New transition-metal-free approaches to the synthesis of C-S bonds are urgently need Method: We screened the reaction conditions such as alkali, crown ether, solvent, temperature, etc., tested the compatibility of the reaction substrate, and analyzed the mechanism process. RESULT the optimized reaction conditions were determined to be 1.0 equiv of aryl halides and 1.2 equiv of thiols at 110 ℃ in toluene with K2CO3 (1.5 equiv) as a base, promoted by 10 mol% dicyclohexano-18-crown-6. Up to 33 examples of thioethers were synthesized under transition-metal-free conditions in good to excellent yields. CONCLUSION we have developed a simple and efficient method for the C-S cross-coupling of a wide variety of (hetero)aryl halides and thiols mediated by dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 and without the need for transition-metal catalyst. In addition, the preparation and gram-scale experiments of a variety of drug molecules further verify the practicability of our developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Lin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jing-Xiu Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ning Deng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hua-Jian Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Sweet JS, Wang R, Manesiotis P, Dingwall P, Knipe PC. Atropselective synthesis of N-aryl pyridones via dynamic kinetic resolution enabled by non-covalent interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2392-2396. [PMID: 35257135 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00177b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic kinetic resolution of C-N atropisomeric pyridones was achieved via asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis, exploiting a rotational barrier-lowering hydrogen bond in the starting materials. X-ray and NMR experiments revealed the presence of a barrier-raising ground state CH⋯π interaction in the product, supported by DFT calculations. A co-crystal of the quinidine-derived phase-transfer catalyst and substrate reveals key substrate-catalyst non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Sweet
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Ruichen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Panagiotis Manesiotis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Paul Dingwall
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Peter C Knipe
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
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9
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Li W, Lu Z, Hammond GB, Xu B. Unbalanced-Ion-Pair-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Fluorination Using Potassium Fluoride. Org Lett 2021; 23:9640-9644. [PMID: 34851641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unbalanced ion pair promoter (e.g., tetrabutylammonium sulfate), consisting of a bulky and charge-delocalized cation and a small and charge-localized anion, greatly accelerates nucleophilic fluorinations using easy handling KF. We also successfully converted an inexpensive and commercially available ion-exchange resin to the polymer-supported ion pair promoter (A26-SO42-), which could be reused after filtration. Moreover, A26-SO42- can be used in continuous flow conditions. In our conditions, water is well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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10
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Lawrence NS, Schöllhorn B, Wadhawan JD. Asymmetric and Anharmonic Electrode Kinetics: Evaluation of a Model for Electron Transfer with Concerted Rupture of Weak, Inner Shell Interactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Lawrence
- Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Hull Cottingham Road Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Schöllhorn
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F- 75006 Paris France
| | - Jay D. Wadhawan
- Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Hull Cottingham Road Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX United Kingdom
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11
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Single-ion solvation free energy: A new cluster-continuum approach based on the cluster expansion method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26902-26910. [PMID: 34825676 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03517g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate calculation of the solvation free energy of single ions remains an important goal, involving development in the dielectric continuum solvation models, and statistical mechanics with explicit solvent and hybrid discrete-continuum methods. In the last case, many of the research studies involve a quasi-chemical approach using the monomer cycle or the cluster cycle to calculate the solvation free energy of single ions. In this work, a different cluster-continuum approach based on the cluster expansion method was tested for solvation of 16 cations and 32 anions in aqueous solution. The SMD model was used for the dielectric continuum part and three explicit water molecules were introduced in the region of the solute with the highest interaction energy. Harmonic frequency calculations and molecular dynamics sampling of configurations are not required. An empirical γN parameter for cations and another for anions is introduced. The method produces a substantial improvement of the SMD model with a mean absolute deviation of 2.3 kcal mol-1 for cations and 2.9 kcal mol-1 for anions. The analysis of the correlation between theoretical and experimental data produces a linear regression line with a slope of 1.09 for cations and 1.01 for anions. The good results of this approximated cluster expansion approach suggest that the method could be further improved by including more solvent molecules and sampling the configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia C Rufino
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
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12
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Masella M, Crudu A, Léonforté F. Hybrid polarizable simulations of a conventional hydrophobic polyelectrolyte. Toward a theoretical tool for green science innovation. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:114903. [PMID: 34551548 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid modeling approaches based on all-atom force fields to handle a solute and coarse-grained models to account for the solvent are promising numerical tools that can be used to understand the properties of large and multi-components solutions and thus to speed up the development of new industrial products that obey the standard of green and sustainable chemistry. Here, we discuss the ability of a full polarizable hybrid approach coupled to a standard molecular dynamics scheme to model the behavior in the aqueous phase and at infinite dilution conditions of a standard hydrophobic polyelectrolyte polymer whose charge is neutralized by explicit counterions. Beyond the standard picture of a polyelectrolyte behavior governed by an interplay between opposite intra-polyelectrolyte and inter-polyelectrolyte/counterion Coulombic effects, our simulations show the key role played by both intra-solute polarization effects and long range solute/solvent electrostatics to stabilize compact globular conformations of that polyelectrolyte. Our full polarizable hybrid modeling approach is thus a new theoretical tool well suited to be used in digital strategies for accelerating innovation for green science, for instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Masella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale et Radiobiologie, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanismes, Institut Joliot, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Alina Crudu
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Bifunctional Primary Amino‐thiourea Asymmetric Catalysis: The Imine‐Iminium Ion Mechanism in the Michael Addition of Nitromethane to Enone. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C. Rufino
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160 São João del-Rei MG Brazil
| | - Josefredo R. Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160 São João del-Rei MG Brazil
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14
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Ji X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Han Y, Peng H, Li F, Liu L. Catalyst-free synthesis of α,α-disubstituted carboxylic acid derivatives under ambient conditions via a Wolff rearrangement reaction. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-promoted Wolff rearrangement reaction was developed, delivering various α,α-disubstituted carboxylic acid derivatives in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ji
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yazhe Han
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Peng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhu Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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