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Yadav S, Singh Raman AP, Meena H, Goswami AG, Bhawna, Kumar V, Jain P, Kumar G, Sagar M, Rana DK, Bahadur I, Singh P. An Update on Graphene Oxide: Applications and Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35387-35445. [PMID: 36249372 PMCID: PMC9558614 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted much attention in the past few years because of its interesting and promising electrical, thermal, mechanical, and structural properties. These properties can be altered, as GO can be readily functionalized. Brodie synthesized the GO in 1859 by reacting graphite with KClO3 in the presence of fuming HNO3; the reaction took 3-4 days to complete at 333 K. Since then, various schemes have been developed to reduce the reaction time, increase the yield, and minimize the release of toxic byproducts (NO2 and N2O4). The modified Hummers method has been widely accepted to produce GO in bulk. Due to its versatile characteristics, GO has a wide range of applications in different fields like tissue engineering, photocatalysis, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Its porous structure is considered appropriate for tissue and organ regeneration. Various branches of tissue engineering are being extensively explored, such as bone, neural, dentistry, cartilage, and skin tissue engineering. The band gap of GO can be easily tuned, and therefore it has a wide range of photocatalytic applications as well: the degradation of organic contaminants, hydrogen generation, and CO2 reduction, etc. GO could be a potential nanocarrier in drug delivery systems, gene delivery, biological sensing, and antibacterial nanocomposites due to its large surface area and high density, as it is highly functionalized with oxygen-containing functional groups. GO or its composites are found to be toxic to various biological species and as also discussed in this review. It has been observed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels gradually increase over a period after GO is introduced in the biological systems. Hence, GO at specific concentrations is toxic for various species like earthworms, Chironomus riparius, Zebrafish, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Harshvardhan Meena
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Giri Goswami
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bhawna
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Special
Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Special
Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, NCR Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Swami Shraddhanand
College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Sagar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Rana
- Department
of Physics, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Indra Bahadur
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Wei L, Lu Z, Ji X, Jiang Y, Ma L. Self-Assembly of Hollow Graphene Oxide Microcapsules Directed by Cavitation for Loading Hydrophobic Drugs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2988-2996. [PMID: 33403846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hollow graphene oxide microcapsules (GOMs) have been widely used in energy, electronics, catalysis, sensing, tissue engineering, and drug loading due to their unique properties. However, it is still a great challenge to prepare GOMs with high quality and in large quantity using a simple method. In this work, we obtained single-component GOMs using the liquid nitrogen cavitation effect, which directed the self-assembly of graphene oxide (GO) debris at the gas-liquid interface. This method avoids the introduction of additional components and removal of templates. The morphology of GOM with wrinkles on its surface was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The abundant polar groups of GO microcapsules enabled them to easily disperse in water. Based on this, GOMs have good potential for loading hydrophobic drugs. Subsequently, we used GOMs as carriers to deliver a hydrophobic drug paclitaxel (PTX), which exhibited a good loading capacity. Moreover, PTX loaded GOMs showed excellent cytotoxicity to A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The GOMs also showed a pH-dependent drug release performance. Therefore, GOMs can be regarded as potential carriers for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wei
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiquan Lu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yike Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Hao B, Lu G, Zhang S, Li Y, Ding A, Huang X. Gold nanoparticles standing on PEG/PAMAM/thiol-functionalized nanographene oxide as aqueous catalysts. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were aptly in situ grown on PEG/PAMAM/thiol-functionalized nanographene oxide platforms for aqueous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Aishun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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