1
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Hausberger A, Pecora M, Favier D, Rossegger E, Tockner M, Ules T, Haselmann M, Schlögl S, Gauthier C. In Situ Observation of Micro-Patterned Elastomeric Surfaces: The Formation of the Area of Real Contact and the Influence on Its Friction and Deformation Behaviour. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6489. [PMID: 37834628 PMCID: PMC10573622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured surfaces, which are the basis of the lotus blossom effect, have great potential to serve/operate as functionalised surfaces, i.e., surfaces with specific and/or adjustable properties. In the present study, the aim is to use micro-structured elastomeric surfaces to specifically influence the friction and deformation behaviours on the basis of the shape and arrangement of the structures. Thiol-acrylate-based photopolymers patterned via nanoimprint lithography were investigated by using an in situ tribological measurement set-up. A clear influence of the different structures on the surface's friction behaviour could be shown, and, furthermore, this could be brought into relation with the real area of contact. This finding provides an important contribution to further development steps, namely, to give the structures switchable properties in order to enable the control of friction properties in a targeted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hausberger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Marina Pecora
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Damien Favier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin Tockner
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Ules
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Matthias Haselmann
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Sauraugasse 1, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (E.R.); (M.T.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.P.); (D.F.); (C.G.)
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2
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Cazin I, Rossegger E, Roppolo I, Sangermano M, Granitzer P, Rumpf K, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing of dynamic magneto-responsive thiol-acrylate composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17536-17544. [PMID: 37304810 PMCID: PMC10253501 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is one of the most promising processing techniques for fabricating customized 3D objects. For the 3D printing of functional and stimuli-triggered devices, interest is steadily growing in processing materials with magnetic properties. Synthesis routes for magneto-responsive soft materials typically involve the dispersion of (nano)particles into a non-magnetic polymer matrix. Above their glass transition temperature, the shape of such composites can be conveniently adjusted by applying an external magnetic field. With their rapid response time, facile controllability, and reversible actuation, magnetically responsive soft materials can be used in the biomedical field (e.g. drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery), soft robotics or in electronic applications. Herein, we combine the magnetic response with thermo-activated healability by introducing magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles into a dynamic photopolymer network, which undergoes thermo-activated bond exchange reactions. The resin is based on a radically curable thiol-acrylate system, whose composition is optimized towards processability via digital light processing 3D printing. A mono-functional methacrylate phosphate is applied as a stabilizer to increase the resins' shelf life by preventing thiol-Michael reactions. Once photocured, the organic phosphate further acts as a transesterification catalyst and activates bond exchange reactions at elevated temperature, which render the magneto-active composites mendable and malleable. The healing performance is demonstrated by recovering magnetic and mechanical properties after the thermally triggered mending of 3D-printed structures. We further demonstrate the magnetically driven movement of 3D-printed samples, which gives rise to the potential use of these materials in healable soft devices activated by external magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cazin
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10124 Torino Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10124 Torino Italy
| | - Petra Granitzer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Klemens Rumpf
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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3
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Rossegger E, Strasser J, Höller R, Fleisch M, Berer M, Schlögl S. Wavelength Selective Multi-Material 3D Printing of Soft Active Devices Using Orthogonal Photoreactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200586. [PMID: 36107158 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoreactions provide a unique way to locally and independently control (thermo)mechanical properties and functionality of polymer networks simply by choice of the wavelength. Herein, a library of acrylate functional coumarin monomers is synthesized, which are cured by sequence-dependent wavelength orthogonality. In the presence of a long wavelength absorbing photoinitiator, the monomers undergo rapid curing by visible light induced radical chain growth polymerization. Subsequent irradiation with light in the UV-A region selectively initiates the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the coumarin chromophores, which is confirmed by FTIR and UV-vis experiments. Through a well-targeted design, acrylate-based and thiol-acrylate resin formulations are prepared, whose fast curing rate, low viscosity, and prolonged storage stability enable the one-step fabrication of multi-material structures by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By using a dual-wavelength printer, which operates at two different wavelengths (405 and 365 nm), objects comprising soft (ε = 22%, σ = 7.5 MPa) and stiff (ε = 2%, σ = 8.3 MPa) domains are printed with a single resin vat. Along with tensile properties, the wavelength selective change in the network structure features a local control of the glass transition temperature (ΔTg = 17 °C) in the 3D-printed objects. Soft active devices are fabricated by dual-wavelength DLP 3D printing, with distinct domains having a higher Tg and the local programming of multi shapes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Mathias Fleisch
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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4
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Rossegger E, Li Y, Frommwald H, Schlögl S. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing with light-responsive thiol-norbornene photopolymers. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-03016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M. Photoinduced movement: how photoirradiation induced the movements of matter. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:796-844. [PMID: 36465797 PMCID: PMC9718566 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2142955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pioneered by the success on active transport of ions across membranes in 1980 using the regulation of the binding properties of crown ethers with covalently linked photoisomerizable units, extensive studies on the movements by using varied interactions between moving objects and environments have been reported. Photoinduced movements of various objects ranging from molecules, polymers to microscopic particles were discussed from the aspects of the driving for the movements, materials design to achieve the movements and systems design to see and to utilize the movements are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
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6
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Wang F, Guo F, Wang Z, He H, Sun Y, Liang W, Yang B. Surface Charge Density Gradient Printing To Drive Droplet Transport: A Numerical Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13697-13706. [PMID: 36317786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional strategies, such as morphological or chemical gradients, struggle to realize the high-velocity and long-distance transport for droplets on a solid surface because of the pinning hydrodynamic equilibrium. Thus, there is a continuing challenge for practical technology to drive droplet transport over the last decades. The surface charge density (SCD) gradient printing method overcame the theoretical limit of traditional strategies and tackled this challenge [Nat. Mater. 2019, 18: 936], which utilized the asymmetric electric force to realize the high-velocity and long-distance droplet transport along a preprinted SCD gradient pathway. In the present work, by coupling the electrostatics and the hydrodynamics, we developed an unexplored numerical model for the water droplet transporting along the charged superhydrophobic surface. Subsequently, the effects of SCD gradients on the droplet transport were systematically discussed, and an optimized method for SCD gradient printing was proposed according to the numerical results. The present approach can provide early guidance for the SCD gradient printing to drive droplet transport on a solid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxin Wang
- College of Architectural Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225127, P.R. China
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin150001, P.R. China
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- College of Architectural Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225127, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqing Wang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin150001, P.R. China
| | - Hailing He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P.R. China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Architectural Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225127, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Liang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin150001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, P.R. China
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7
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Alrefai M, Meola V, Maric M. ARGET ATRP
of ethylene glycol dicyclopentenyl ether methacrylate with vegetable oil and terpene‐derived methacrylic monomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masa Alrefai
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Victoria Meola
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Milan Maric
- Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
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8
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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9
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Elvira KS, Gielen F, Tsai SSH, Nightingale AM. Materials and methods for droplet microfluidic device fabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:859-875. [PMID: 35170611 PMCID: PMC9074766 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00836f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the first reports two decades ago, droplet-based systems have emerged as a compelling tool for microbiological and (bio)chemical science, with droplet flow providing multiple advantages over standard single-phase microfluidics such as removal of Taylor dispersion, enhanced mixing, isolation of droplet contents from surfaces, and the ability to contain and address individual cells or biomolecules. Typically, a droplet microfluidic device is designed to produce droplets with well-defined sizes and compositions that flow through the device without interacting with channel walls. Successful droplet flow is fundamentally dependent on the microfluidic device - not only its geometry but moreover how the channel surfaces interact with the fluids. Here we summarise the materials and fabrication techniques required to make microfluidic devices that deliver controlled uniform droplet flow, looking not just at physical fabrication methods, but moreover how to select and modify surfaces to yield the required surface/fluid interactions. We describe the various materials, surface modification techniques, and channel geometry approaches that can be used, and give examples of the decision process when determining which material or method to use by describing the design process for five different devices with applications ranging from field-deployable chemical analysers to water-in-water droplet creation. Finally we consider how droplet microfluidic device fabrication is changing and will change in the future, and what challenges remain to be addressed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Elvira
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Fabrice Gielen
- Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, ON, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST)-a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian M Nightingale
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Continuous Digital Chemical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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10
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Li Y, Huang J, Cheng J, Xu S, Pi P, Wen X. Enhanced Movement of Two-Component Droplets on a Wedge-Shaped Ag/Cu Surface by a Wettability Gradient. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15857-15865. [PMID: 33765767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wedge-shaped Ag/Cu surface with a contact angle (CA) [droplet of 30 vol % propylene glycol (PG)] of 18.6° in the wedge track and 64.6° at its periphery was fabricated through a facile gradient displacement reaction on the Cu substrate. The aqueous droplet of 30% PG could realize directed motion on the wedge track without back-end pinning, moving in a two-stage process of front-end spreading and subsequent back-end shrinking. A wettability gradient from 64.6 to 18.6° on the wedge surface could enhance the droplet motion, especially during the second stage. A favorable length of the wettability gradient (15 mm) was obtained, capable of moving the droplet the farthest displacement of 21.6 mm at a velocity of 0.53 mm/s on a wedge track with the wedge angle of α = 10° and length of 25 mm. The driving force arising from the wettability gradient during the second stage was evaluated theoretically to elucidate the effect of the length of the wettability gradient on the movement. Finally, three T-shaped self-driven surface micromixers composed of a mixing zone with uniform wettability and a transportation zone with different gradients were designed to test the drainage ability of droplets away from the surface. The wedge track combined with the wettability gradient was found to be capable of removing the mixed droplet completely out of the mixing region and flowing away, while the droplet would attach or stay in the mixing zone if actuated by the shape gradient or the wettability gradient alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jinmei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shouping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Pihui Pi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiufang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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11
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Romano A, Sangermano M, Rossegger E, Mühlbacher I, Griesser T, Giebler M, Palmara G, Frascella F, Roppolo I, Schlögl S. Hybrid silica micro-particles with light-responsive surface properties and Janus-like character. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights the synthesis and post-modification of silica-based micro-particles containing photo-responsive polymer brushes with photolabile o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - M. Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - I. Mühlbacher
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - M. Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - G. Palmara
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - F. Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - I. Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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12
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Giebler M, Alabiso W, Wieser V, Radl S, Schlögl S. Photopatternable and Rewritable Epoxy-Anhydride Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000466. [PMID: 32996232 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work highlights a new approach to write, erase, and rewrite micropatterns into the same region of covalent adaptable polymer networks. Thermal curing of an epoxy-terminated o-nitrobenzyl ester (o-NBE) derivative with hexahydrophthalic anhydride in the presence of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene yields a dynamic covalent network, whose solubility is locally controlled by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. The photolysis of the o-NBE chromophores enables a well-defined cleavage of the epoxy-anhydride network, and the formation of soluble photolysis products is confirmed by sol-gel analysis. The photo-induced change in solubility is exploited to inscribe micropatterns by photolithographic techniques and after development in an organic solvent positive tone structures with a feature size of 20 µm are obtained. Due to the thermo-activated exchange reactions of the hydroxyl ester links and the related macroscopic reflow, the polymer patterns are fully erased at temperatures well above the topological freezing transition of the vitrimer network. The regenerated film has a smooth surface topology and can be reused to inscribe new micropatterns via mask lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giebler
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Viktoria Wieser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Simone Radl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben, 8700, Austria
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13
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Romano A, Roppolo I, Rossegger E, Schlögl S, Sangermano M. Recent Trends in Applying Rrtho-Nitrobenzyl Esters for the Design of Photo-Responsive Polymer Networks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2777. [PMID: 32575481 PMCID: PMC7344511 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with light-responsive groups have gained increased attention in the design of functional materials, as they allow changes in polymers properties, on demand, and simply by light exposure. For the synthesis of polymers and polymer networks with photolabile properties, the introduction o-nitrobenzyl alcohol (o-NB) derivatives as light-responsive chromophores has become a convenient and powerful route. Although o-NB groups were successfully exploited in numerous applications, this review pays particular attention to the studies in which they were included as photo-responsive moieties in thin polymer films and functional polymer coatings. The review is divided into four different sections according to the chemical structure of the polymer networks: (i) acrylate and methacrylate; (ii) thiol-click; (iii) epoxy; and (iv) polydimethylsiloxane. We conclude with an outlook of the present challenges and future perspectives of the versatile and unique features of o-NB chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria; (E.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.R.); (I.R.)
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