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Abreu CM, Rezende TC, Serra AC, Fonseca AC, Braslau R, Coelho JF. Convenient and industrially viable internal plasticization of Poly(Vinyl chloride): Copolymerization of vinyl chloride and commercial monomers. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Scaling-Up an Aqueous Self-Degassing Electrochemically Mediated ATRP in Dispersion for the Preparation of Cellulose-Polymer Composites and Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224981. [PMID: 36433108 PMCID: PMC9692721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) is developed in dispersion conditions to assist the preparation of cellulose-based films. Self-degassing conditions are achieved by the addition of sodium pyruvate (SP) as a ROS scavenger, while an aluminum counter electrode provides a simplified and more cost-effective electrochemical setup. Different polyacrylamides were grown on a model cellulose substrate which was previously esterified with 2-bromoisobutyrate (-BriB), serving as initiator groups. Small-scale polymerizations (15 mL) provided optimized conditions to pursue the scale-up up to 1000 mL (scale-up factor ~67). Cellulose-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) was then chosen to prepare the tunable, thermoresponsive, solvent-free, and flexible films through a dissolution/regeneration method. The produced films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Mechanistic Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15413-15430. [PMID: 35882005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has seen continuous evolution in terms of the design of the catalyst and reaction conditions; today, it is one of the most useful techniques to prepare well-defined polymers as well as one of the most notable examples of catalysis in polymer chemistry. This Perspective highlights fundamental advances in the design of ATRP reactions and catalysts, focusing on the crucial role that mechanistic studies play in understanding, rationalizing, and predicting polymerization outcomes. A critical summary of traditional ATRP systems is provided first; we then focus on the most recent developments to improve catalyst selectivity, control polymerizations via external stimuli, and employ new photochemical or dual catalytic systems with an outlook to future research directions and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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De Bon F, Lorandi F, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC, Matyjaszewski K, Isse AA. Dual electrochemical and chemical control in atom transfer radical polymerization with copper electrodes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6008-6018. [PMID: 35685801 PMCID: PMC9132085 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), Cu0 acts as a supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA ATRP) by activating alkyl halides and (re)generating the CuI activator through a comproportionation reaction, respectively. Cu0 is also an unexplored, exciting metal that can act as a cathode in electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP). Contrary to conventional inert electrodes, a Cu cathode can trigger a dual catalyst regeneration, simultaneously driven by electrochemistry and comproportionation, if a free ligand is present in solution. The dual regeneration explored herein allowed for introducing the concept of pulsed galvanostatic electrolysis (PGE) in eATRP. During a PGE, the process alternates between a period of constant current electrolysis and a period with no applied current in which polymerization continues via SARA ATRP. The introduction of no electrolysis periods without compromising the overall polymerization rate and control is very attractive, if large current densities are needed. Moreover, it permits a drastic charge saving, which is of unique value for a future scale-up, as electrochemistry coupled to SARA ATRP saves energy, and shortens the equipment usage. The use of a Cu cathode in eATRP allows exploiting the synergistic effect between electrochemical and chemical stimuli to halt or accelerate polymerizations, reduce energy consumption and achieve control in challenging systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 I-35131 Padova Italy .,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Armenio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 I-35131 Padova Italy
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Abreu CM, Fonseca AC, Rodrigues DF, Rezende TC, Marques JR, Tomás AJ, Gonçalves PM, Serra AC, Coelho JF. Preparation of nonmigratory flexible poly(vinyl chloride)-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(vinyl chloride) via aqueous reversible deactivation radical polymerization in a pilot reactor. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) of styrene was studied in detail by using CuBr2/TPMA (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) as a catalyst. Redox properties of various Cu(II) species were investigated in CH3CN, dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) both in the absence and presence of 50% (v/v) styrene. This investigation together with preliminary eATRP experiments at 80 °C indicated DMF as the best solvent. The effects of catalyst, monomer, and initiator concentrations were also examined. The livingness of the polymerization was studied by chain extension and electrochemical temporal control of polymerization.
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Melville JN, Bernhardt PV. Electrochemical Exploration of Active Cu-Based Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Catalysis through Ligand Modification. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9709-9719. [PMID: 34142823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intersection between Cu-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and organometallic mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) has been recently shown to be a result of competition between the CuI and CuII complexes of polyamine ligands for the same organic free radical. The tetradentate ligands N,N'-bis-2'-pyridylmethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (L1) and N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis-2'-pyridylmethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine (L2) form stable Cu complexes which, depending on their oxidation state, can either liberate or complex organic radicals. Herein, we show that this process may be affected by subtle changes to the ligand system. Switching from a tertiary amine (L2) to a secondary amine (L1) retains ATRP and OMRP activity through a series of cyclic voltammetry measurements in the presence of the initiator bromoacetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Melville
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Sun Z, Mi X, Yu Y, Shi W, Feng A, Moad G, Thang SH. “All-PVC” Flexible Poly(vinyl Chloride): Nonmigratory Star-Poly(vinyl Chloride) as Plasticizers for PVC by RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing Mi
- Beijing East Simulation Software Technology Co., Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Math and Engineering, Puyang Vocational and Technical College, Puyang 457000, Henan, China
| | - Wencheng Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Graeme Moad
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Isse AA, Gennaro A. Electrochemistry for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2203-2222. [PMID: 33750023 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is the most powerful and most employed technology of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) to produce polymers with well-defined architecture, that is, composition, topology, and functionality. Several hundreds of papers are published every year on ATRP processes, mainly based on empiric experimental procedures. Electrochemistry powerfully entered in the field of ATRP about 10 years ago, providing important contributions both to the further development of the process and to a better understanding of its mechanism. Five main issues took advantage of electrochemistry and/or its synergism with ATRP: i) understanding the mechanism of ATRP activation; ii) determination of thermodynamic parameters; iii) determination of activation and deactivation rate constants; iv) the SARA ATRP vs SET-LRP dispute: the role of Cu0 ; v) electrochemically-mediated ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
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De Bon F, Abreu CMR, Serra AC, Gennaro A, Coelho JFJ, Isse AA. Catalytic Halogen Exchange in Supplementary Activator and Reducing Agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for the Synthesis of Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000532. [PMID: 33289265 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of block copolymers (BCPs) by catalytic halogen exchange (cHE) is reported, using supplemental activator and reducing agent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (SARA ATRP). The cHE mechanism is based on the use of a small amount of a copper catalyst in the presence of a suitable excess of halide ions, for the synthesis of block copolymers from macroinitiators with monomers of mismatching reactivity. cHE overcomes the problem of inefficient initiation in block copolymerizations in which the second monomer provides dormant species that are more reactive than the initiator. Model macroinitiators with low dispersity are prepared and extended to afford well-defined block copolymers of various compositions. Combined cHE/SARA ATRP is therefore a simple and potent polymerization tool for the copolymerization of a wide range of monomers allowing the production of tailored block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Carlos M R Abreu
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Arménio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
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