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Yang S, Wang X, Chu H, Liu W. Electrode-Supported Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Insights into the Confined Internal Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6836-6844. [PMID: 38567451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes show great promise as molecular-scale memory units due to their robust architecture and protective capability for encapsulated atoms. However, the flat potential-energy surface within the cage often results in a severe disorder of encapsulated atoms. Here, we focused on prototypical systems involving Li@C60 on metallic surfaces, emphasizing the electrode's confinement effect on caged dynamics. We demonstrated that the varying interfacial stabilities induced by Li motion predominantly depend on the synergetic effect of van der Waals forces and covalent bonds rather than the previously assumed electrostatic interactions. We unveiled that the repulsion effect between encapsulated atom and the metal electrode primarily arises from the antibonding states between the metal states below the Fermi level and the degenerated frontier orbitals from HOMO-4 to HOMO. By manipulating orbital interactions, we observed an ordered arrangement of the encapsulated atom on Rec-Pt(111) at room temperature. Furthermore, our findings underscore the disruptive influence of electric fields on the stability of distinct Li positions, a phenomenon closely tied to the dipole moment induced by Li motion. This research provides a new perspective on the confined internal dynamics of endohedral metallofullerenes by manipulating cage-electrode interactions, contributing to precisely controlled molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Han Chu
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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2
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Li M, Zhao R, Dang J, Zhao X. Theoretical study on the stabilities, electronic structures, and reaction and formation mechanisms of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li B, Gu X, Jin P. Overlooked Effects of La-4f Orbitals in Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5891-5902. [PMID: 35381176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a central issue is how to correctly describe the intracluster and metal-cage interactions, which are critical for understanding their structures, stabilities, and various properties. In this work, density functional theory calculations were carried out for 13 La-based EMFs covering all four reported types and a rather wide cage size range (C32-C104). The results reveal that the usually core-like lanthanide 4f subshell may play a critical role in the structural characteristics, energetic stabilities, frontier orbital energy levels, metal charges, and chemical reactivities of these endofullerenes. Regardless of the encapsulated forms, the La-4f contributions to the chemical bonding and structural stability increase with the reduced cage sizes because of the gradually enhanced cage confinement. The combination of metal-to-nonmetal charge transfer and compression of the cage cavity exposes and effectively activates the otherwise chemically inert 4f orbitals. By disclosing the important role of long-neglected metal orbitals inside fullerenes, the current work not only deepens our understanding of EMFs, but also provides new insights into the chemical bondings in general confined spaces at the subnanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, China
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Sa B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Si Y, Li H, Zhu C, Wen C, Wu B, Yu T. Computational mining of endohedral C 70 electrides: tri-metal alkali and alkaline-earth encapsulation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16836-16844. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the atoms in molecules analysis, electron localization functions, and nonlinear optical property analysis, M3@C70 (M = Li, Be, Mg, Ca) fullerenes are identified as electrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisheng Sa
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Si
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Li
- Fujian Applied Technology Engineering Center of Power Battery Materials, Fujian College of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Yongan, Fujian 366000, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Zhu
- Xiamen Funano New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Cuilian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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Zhang K, Zheng H, Li M, Li QZ, Zhao Y, Zhao X. Significant Roles of a Particularly Stable Two-Center Two-Electron Lu-Lu σ Bond in Lu 2@C 86: Electronic Structure of Lu and Radius of Lu 2. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2425-2436. [PMID: 33497217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is still dispute over the stability of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) M2C2n, and recently, multiform lutetium-based dimetallofullerenes have been dropped in experiments. The thermodynamic stabilities of Lu2C86 EMFs are revealed by density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with statistical thermodynamic analyses. Inevitably, besides the experimentally reported Lu2@C2v(63751)-C86, Lu2@Cs(63750)-C86, and Lu2@Cs(63757)-C86, other three metal carbide clusterfullerenes, Lu2C2@D2d(51591)-C84, Lu2C2@C1(51383)-C84, and Lu2C2@Cs(id207430)-C84, rather than Lu2@C86 are first characterized as thermodynamically stable isomers of Lu2C86. Specially, the Cs(id207430)-C84 is a newly non-classical fullerene containing one heptagon, which is stabilized via encaging Lu2C2. Another interesting phenomenon is that the outer fullerene cages of thermodynamically stable Lu2C82-88 molecules are geometrically connected through C2 addition/loss and Stone-Wales (SW) transformation, suggesting a special relationship between thermodynamic stabilities and geometries of Lu2C82-88 EMFs. Furthermore, the electronic configurations of (Lu2)4+@C864- and (Lu2C2)4+@C844- were confirmed. A significantly stable two-center two-electron (2c-2e) Lu-Lu σ single bond is formed in Lu2@C86. By comparing M-M bonds in M2@C2v(63751)-C86 (M = Sc, Y, La, and Lu), two significant factors, the valence atomic orbital (ns) of metal atoms and radius of M2+, are found to determine the stability of the M-M bond in the C2v(63751)-C86. Additionally, the simulated UV-vis-NIR spectra of thermodynamically stable Lu2C86 isomers were simulated, which further disclose their electronic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- KaiNi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiao-Zhi Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Li M, Zhao Y, Yuan K, Han Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Ehara M, Nagase S, Zhao X. Lithium–bromine exchange reaction on C 60: first theoretical proposal of a stable singlet fullerene carbene without the heteroatom. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A stable singlet fullerene carbene without heteroatom is firstly proposed, and two indexes are firstly suggested to estimate the occurrence of carbene insertion or addition. The interaction between LiBr and carbon atom in LiBr-compounds is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Kun Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianshui Normal University
- Tianshui
- China
| | - Yanbo Han
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Yong Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
| | | | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- China
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Zhao YX, Zhao X. On the stabilization of Sc3C@I(31924)-C80 by functionalization of fluorine. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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