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Savastano M. Ye Olde supramolecular chemistry, its modern rebranding and overarching trends in chemistry. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1373-1392. [PMID: 38180341 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We can describe current contingency of supramolecular chemistry as "post-halogen bonding", with clear reference to the success of the σ-hole model and the halogen bond concepts. This phase is characterized by a strong push towards a new nomenclature for non-covalent interactions, a group-by-group one focusing on the electrophile. As such nomenclature increasingly meets IUPAC endorsement, its proposers report resistances to such ideas, especially in the inorganic and coordination chemistry communities. The whole issue has been generating considerable debate in the last decade. Herein we fully embrace such discussion in the hope of involving a larger share of the relevant communities. Alternative descriptions are here reevaluated, novel views reconnected with older ones, and it is ultimately questioned whether the introduction of such a nomenclature and its subtending ideas would be beneficial. The themes of appreciation of general trends in chemistry, of counterintuitive interactions, of positioning of novel nomenclature with respect to existing ones, and of the extension of group-by-group naming from main block to d-block elements - as key and currently unresolved issues - are discussed. Equivalent, alternative and arguably more comprehensive descriptions are tentatively given, in the hope to overcome controversies together in the pursuit of higher rewards: a comprehensive shared view of supramolecular forces and a common language to express it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Savastano
- Department of Human Sciences for the Promotion of Quality of Life, University San Raffaele Roma, via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Naher M, Su C, Harmer JR, Williams CM, Bernhardt PV. Electrocatalytic Atom Transfer Radical Addition with Turbocharged Organocopper(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15575-15583. [PMID: 37712595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The utility and scope of Cu-catalyzed halogen atom transfer chemistry have been exploited in the fields of atom transfer radical polymerization and atom transfer radical addition, where the metal plays a key role in radical formation and minimizing unwanted side reactions. We have shown that electrochemistry can be employed to modulate the reactivity of the Cu catalyst between its active (CuI) and dormant (CuII) states in a variety of ligand systems. In this work, a macrocyclic pyridinophane ligand (L1) was utilized, which can break the C-Br bond of BrCH2CN to release •CH2CN radicals when in complex with CuI. Moreover, the [CuI(L1)]+ complex can capture the •CH2CN radical to form a new species [CuII(L1)(CH2CN)]+ in situ that, on reduction, exhibits halogen atom transfer reactivity 3 orders of magnitude greater than its parent complex [CuI(L1)]+. This unprecedented rate acceleration has been identified by electrochemistry, successfully reproduced by simulation, and exploited in a Cu-catalyzed bulk electrosynthesis where [CuII(L1)(CH2CN)]+ participates as a radical donor in the atom transfer radical addition of BrCH2CN to a selection of styrenes. The formation of these turbocharged catalysts in situ during electrosynthesis offers a new approach to the Cu-catalyzed organic reaction methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masnun Naher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Chuyi Su
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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3
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Verdejo B, Inclán M, Blasco S, Ballesteros-Garrido R, Savastano M, Bianchi A, García-España E. Selective recognition of neurotransmitters in aqueous solution by hydroxyphenyl aza-scorpiand ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37335019 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, acid-base behaviour and anion recognition of neurotransmitters (dopamine, tyramine and serotonin) in aqueous solution of different aza-scorpiand ligands functionalized with hydroxyphenyl and phenyl moieties (L1-L3 and L4, respectively) have been studied by potentiometry, NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The analysis of the potentiometric results shows the selective recognition of serotonin at physiological pH (Keff = 8.64 × 104) by L1. This selectivity has an entropic origin probably coming from a fine pre-organization of the interacting partners. Thus, the complementarity of the receptor and the substrate allows the reciprocal formation of hydrogen bonds, π-π and cation-π interactions, stabilizing the receptors and slowing the rate of oxidative degradation, and satisfactory results are obtained at acidic and neutral pH values. NMR and molecular dynamics studies reveal the rotation blockage in the neurotransmitter side chain once complexed with L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mario Inclán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Blasco
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Ballesteros-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Matsumoto S, Sumida R, Akazome M. Relationship between halogen-halogen interaction and electric conductivity in thiazolo[2,3-a]isoquinolin-7-ium triiodides. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Savastano M, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A. Novel cyclen-polyiodide complexes: a reappraisal of I-I covalent and secondary bond limits. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10728-10739. [PMID: 35293413 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00185c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular stabilization of polyiodides and iodine-dense phases is of high interest: this study explores the possibilities offered in this sense by diprotonated cyclen, affording two novel crystal structures. One of them contains at least one peculiar I⋯I interatomic distance (3.305(1) Å), falling well below the region commonly described by secondary bonding (3.4-3.7 Å) and essentially equal to the accepted limit for covalent bonding (3.30 Å): in other words, according to threshold distance values, we are relatively free to regard this interaction either as a bond or as contact. Lest the flip of a coin decides if we should or should not draw a bond in a polyiodide, statistical insights based on CSD surveys were used to put in perspective literature material and work out a meaningful assignment (as I82-). In doing so, we address how currently accepted threshold distance values came to be in the first place, their significance, soundness, and shortcomings in describing I82- and its formal fragments (I2, I3-, I5-). Discussion of the chemical meaning of the line representing bonding in I-I fragments in similar fringe cases, relating CSD data herein presented with the previous literature, is provided. Available information coincides quite well in supporting the necessity of a revision of broadly accepted threshold distance values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Abstract
Iodine-dense polyiodide phases are interesting materials for a number of potential uses, including batteries and solid-state conductors. The incorporation of transition metal cations is considered a promising way to enhance the stability, tune the properties, and influence the architecture of polyiodides. However, several interesting metals, including Cu(II), may suffer redox processes, which generally make them not compatible with the I2/I− redox couple. Herein L, a simple derivative of cyclen, is proposed as a Cu(II) ligand capable of protecting the +2 oxidation state of the metal even in the presence of polyiodides. With a step by step approach, we report the crystal structure of free L; then we present spectrophotometric verification of Cu(II) complex stability, stoichiometry, and formation kinetic in DMF solution, together with Cu(II) binding mode elucidation via XRD analysis of [Cu(L)Cl]ClO4∙CH3CN crystals; afterwards, the stability of the CuL complex in the presence of I− is demonstrated in DMF solution, where the formation of a Cu:L:I− ternary complex, rather than reduction to Cu(I), is observed; lastly, polyiodide crystals are prepared, affording the [Cu(L)I]2I3I5 crystal structure. This layered structure is highly peculiar due to its chiral arrangement, opening further perspective for the crystal engineering of polyiodide phases.
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Martínez-Camarena Á, Savastano M, Blasco S, Delgado-Pinar E, Giorgi C, Bianchi A, García-España E, Bazzicalupi C. Assembly of Polyiodide Networks with Cu(II) Complexes of Pyridinol-Based Tetraaza Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:368-383. [PMID: 34933551 PMCID: PMC8753606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Polyiodide networks
are currently of great practical interest for
the preparation of new electronic materials. The participation of
metals in the formation of these networks is believed to improve their
mechanical performance and thermal stability. Here we report the results
on the construction of polyiodide networks obtained using Cu(II) complexes
of a series of pyridinol-based tetraazacyclophanes as countercations.
The assembly of these crystalline polyiodides takes place from aqueous
solutions on the basis of similar structural elements, the [CuL]2+ and [Cu(H–1L)]+ (L = L2, L2-Me, L2-Me3) complex cations, so that the peculiarities induced by the
increase of N-methylation of ligands, the structural variable of ligands,
can be highlighted. First, solution equilibria involving ligands and
complexes were analyzed (potentiometry, NMR, UV–vis, ITC).
Then, the appropriate conditions could be selected to prepare polyiodides
based on the above complex cations. Single-crystal XRD analysis showed
that the coordination of pyridinol units to two metal ions is a prime
feature of these ligands, leading to polymeric coordination chains
of general formula {[Cu(H–1L)]}nn+ (L = L2-Me, L2-Me3). In the presence of the I–/I2 couple, the polymerization tendency
stops with the formation of [(CuL)(CuH–1L)]3+ (L = L2-Me, L2-Me3) dimers which are surrounded by polyiodide networks. Moreover,
coordination of the pyridinol group to two metal ions transforms the
surface charge of the ring from negative to markedly positive, generating
a suitable environment for the assembly of polyiodide anions, while
N-methylation shifts the directional control of the assembly from
H-bonds to I···I interactions. In fact, an extended
concatenation of iodine atoms occurs around the complex dimeric cations,
the supramolecular I···I interactions become shorter
and shorter, fading into stronger forces dominated by the orbital
overlap, which is promising for effective electronic materials. Polyiodides with high iodine density
are generated by Cu(II)
complexes of pyridinol-based tetraazacyclophanes. Direct coordination
of iodine atoms to Cu(II), anion−π interactions with
electron-poor aromatic surfaces, and shift of the directional control
of assembly from H-bonds to I···I interactions, governed
by N-methylation, are the main elements leading to enhanced iodine
chaining and strengthening of I···I contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martínez-Camarena
- ICMol, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Salvador Blasco
- ICMol, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- ICMol, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrique García-España
- ICMol, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Pitarch-Jarque J, Jiménez HR, Kalenius E, Blasco S, Lopera A, Clares MP, Rissanen K, García-España E. Selective encapsulation of a chloride anion in a 1 H-pyrazole Cu 2+ metallocage. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9010-9015. [PMID: 34180936 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01302e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-assembled metallobox from copper(ii) and two macrocycles containing 1H-pyrazole ligands has been prepared. The internal cavity of the box is able to selectively encapsulate a single chloride anion over any other halide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pitarch-Jarque
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Hermas R Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Elina Kalenius
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Alberto Lopera
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - M Paz Clares
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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Poręba T, Świątkowski M, Kruszyński R. Molecular self-assembly of 1D infinite polyiodide helices in a phenanthrolinium salt. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2800-2806. [PMID: 33533384 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new linear polymeric polyiodide, catena-poly[tris(1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium)tris(1,10-phenanthroline)heptaiodide], was prepared by one-step synthesis. Its formation is driven by hydrogen-bond assisted supramolecular assembly in the presence of chromium(iii) acetate. Its structure has been characterized by the means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To date, this is only one of the few examples of organized linear infinite polyiodides with a known structure. The interplay between the interactions within the hypervalent iodine chain and its supramolecular environment is elucidated. The electrical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of the studied compound were investigated and associated with the structural features. The infinite character of the polyiodide chain and its similarity to the blue starch-iodine complex has been additionally confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Despite the apparent structural and spectroscopic similarities with the previously reported 1D polymeric polyiodide, its physical properties, i.e. electrical conductivity and thermal stability, differ significantly. This can be rationalized by the differences in the orbital overlap within the iodine chain, as well as the distinct interactions with the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Poręba
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marcin Świątkowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Kruszyński
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Savastano M. Words in supramolecular chemistry: the ineffable advances of polyiodide chemistry. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1142-1165. [PMID: 33496303 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyiodide chemistry has a rich history deeply intertwined with the development of supramolecular chemistry. Technological and theoretical interest in polyiodides has not diminished in the last decade, quite the contrary; yet the advances this perspective intends to cover are muddled by the involution of supramolecular vocabulary, preventing their unbiased discussion. Herein we discuss the pressing necessity of ordering the current babel of novel - and less so - supramolecular terms. Shared decisions at the community level might be required to shape the field into a harmonious body of knowledge, dominated by concepts rather than words. Secondary, σ-hole and halogen bonding schools of thought are all addressed here, together with their respective impact on the field. Then, on the basis of a shared vocabulary, a discussion of polyiodide chemistry is presented, starting with a revisited view of triiodide. The contemporary fields of supramolecular caging and polyiodide networks are then discussed, with emphasis on how the terms we choose to use deeply affect scientific progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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