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Zhao Y, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Yu X, Cherenda N, Su Y, Zhao J. Two-dimensional fullerene-based monolayer materials assembled by C 80 and Sc 3N@C 80. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10841-10849. [PMID: 38525530 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Construction of two-dimensional (2D) materials using fullerenes as building blocks has attracted particular attention, primarily due to their ability to integrate desired functionalities into devices. However, realization of stable 2D phases of polymerized fullerenes remains a big challenge. Here, we propose two stable 2D monolayer phases with covalently bridged C80 cages, namely α-C80-2D and β-C80-2D, which are semiconductors with strong absorption in the long wave range and appreciable carrier mobility, respectively. The high stability originates from the bond energy released by the [2+2] cycloaddition polymerization of C80 is greater than the deformation energy of a cage. Starting from α-C80-2D, endohedral incorporation of the Sc3N molecule into each C80 cage leads to 2D semiconductors of α-Sc3N@C80-2D and α'-Sc3N@C80-2D, which possess exceptional stability and diverse physical properties, including unique electronic band structures, strong optical absorption in the visible (VIS) to near-infrared (NIR) regime, and anisotropic optical characteristics. Remarkably, a temperature-induced order-disorder transition in the α-Sc3N@C80-2D phase has been observed at elevated temperatures above 600 K. These findings expand the family of 2D carbon materials and provide useful clue for the potential applications of fullerene-assembled monolayer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xueke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Nikolai Cherenda
- Physics Faculty, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, The Republic of Belarus
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
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Vyas VK, Bacanu GR, Soundararajan M, Marsden ES, Jafari T, Shugai A, Light ME, Nagel U, Rõõm T, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. Squeezing formaldehyde into C 60 fullerene. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2515. [PMID: 38514674 PMCID: PMC10957948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cavity inside fullerene C60 provides a highly symmetric and inert environment for housing atoms and small molecules. Here we report the encapsulation of formaldehyde inside C60 by molecular surgery, yielding the supermolecular complex CH2O@C60, despite the 4.4 Å van der Waals length of CH2O exceeding the 3.7 Å internal diameter of C60. The presence of CH2O significantly reduces the cage HOMO-LUMO gap. Nuclear spin-spin couplings are observed between the fullerene host and the formaldehyde guest. The rapid spin-lattice relaxation of the formaldehyde 13C nuclei is attributed to a dominant spin-rotation mechanism. Despite being squeezed so tightly, the encapsulated formaldehyde molecules rotate freely about their long axes even at cryogenic temperatures, allowing observation of the ortho-to-para spin isomer conversion by infrared spectroscopy. The particle in a box nature of the system is demonstrated by the observation of two quantised translational modes in the cryogenic THz spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijyesh K Vyas
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - George R Bacanu
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Tanzeeha Jafari
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akademia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anna Shugai
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akademia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mark E Light
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Urmas Nagel
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akademia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Rõõm
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akademia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
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Kandrashkin YE, Zaripov RB. Low-temperature motion of the scandium bimetal in endofullerene Sc 2@C 80(CH 2Ph). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31493-31499. [PMID: 37962489 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The spin decoherence of the scandium bimetal in Sc2@C80(CH2Ph) is studied at low temperatures (20-120 K) by the electron spin echo technique. The correlation between the magnetic quantum number m of the total spin state of the scandium nuclei j and the decay rates is established. For the total spin j = 5, a decrease of the phase relaxation time by a factor of two is observed by changing the transition from m = -1 to m = +1 and m = -3 at 120 K. The observed results are rationalized in the framework of the rotational diffusion of the endohedral fragment in the fullerene cage. It is found that the characteristic rotation time is of the order of a microsecond at 100 K and increases at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia.
| | - Ruslan B Zaripov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia.
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Wang Y, Velkos G, Israel NJ, Rosenkranz M, Büchner B, Liu F, Popov AA. Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation of Dimetallofullerene Anions en Route to Air-Stable Single-Molecule Magnets with High Blocking Temperature of Magnetization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18139-18149. [PMID: 34669376 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide dimetallofullerenes with single-electron M-M bonds are an important class of single molecular magnets and qubit candidates, but stabilization of their unique electronic and spin structure in the form of a neutral molecule requires functionalization of the fullerene cage with a single radical group. The lack of selectivity of the currently available procedure results in a complicated and tedious separation process. Here we demonstrate that electrophilic trifluoromethylation of a mixture of metallofullerene anions with Umemoto reagent II is highly selective toward M2@C80- (M = Tb, Y) anions, yielding M2@C80(CF3) monoadducts as the main reaction product. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study proved attachment of the CF3 group to the pentagon/hexagon/hexagon junction and revealed that positions of metal atoms inside the fullerene cage in the cocrystal with NiOEP are strongly related to the position of the porphyrin moieties. Magnetic characterization of Tb2@C80(CF3) showed that it is a robust single-molecule magnet with broad magnetic hysteresis, 100 s blocking temperature of 25 K, and the relaxation barrier of 801(4) K, corresponding to the flipping of the Tb magnetic moment in the strongly ferromagnetically coupled [Tb3+-e-Tb3+] spin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Noel Jens Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Kandrashkin YE, Zaripov RB, Liu F, Büchner B, Kataev V, Popov AA. Temperature-dependent dynamics of endohedral fullerene Sc 2@C 80(CH 2Ph) studied by EPR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18206-18220. [PMID: 34612284 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral fullerenes are promising materials for the quantum information and quantum processing due to the unique properties of the electron-nuclear spin system well isolated from the environment inside the fullerene cage. The endofullerene Sc2@C80(CH2Ph) features a strong hyperfine interaction between one electron spin 1/2 localized at the Sc2 dimer and two equivalent 45Sc nuclear spins 7/2, which yields 64 well resolved EPR transitions. We report a comprehensive analysis of the temperature dependence of the EPR spectrum of Sc2@C80(CH2Ph) dissolved in d-toluene measured in a wide temperature range above and below the melting point. The nature of the electron spin coherence phase memory is investigated. The properties of all resonance lines in a liquid phase were treated within the model of the free rotational diffusion. Both, analytical expressions and numerical examination provide an excellent agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra. A detailed study of the experimental data confirms the assumption of the independent motions of the fullerene cage and the Sc2 core. The data obtained show three regimes of molecular motion detected at different temperatures: the free rotation of both the fullerene cage and its bi-metal core, the motion of the core in the frozen fullerene cage, and, finally, a state with a fixed structure of both parts of the metallofullerene molecules. The data analysis reveals a significant nuclear quadrupole interaction playing an important role for the mixing of the different nuclear spin multiplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia.
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Zalibera M, Ziegs F, Schiemenz S, Dubrovin V, Lubitz W, Savitsky A, Deng SHM, Wang XB, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Metallofullerene photoswitches driven by photoinduced fullerene-to-metal electron transfer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7818-7838. [PMID: 34168836 PMCID: PMC8188499 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the discovery and detailed exploration of the unconventional photo-switching mechanism in metallofullerenes, in which the energy of the photon absorbed by the carbon cage π-system is transformed to mechanical motion of the endohedral cluster accompanied by accumulation of spin density on the metal atoms. Comprehensive photophysical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies augmented by theoretical modelling are performed to address the phenomenon of the light-induced photo-switching and triplet state spin dynamics in a series of Y x Sc3-x N@C80 (x = 0-3) nitride clusterfullerenes. Variable temperature and time-resolved photoluminescence studies revealed a strong dependence of their photophysical properties on the number of Sc atoms in the cluster. All molecules in the series exhibit temperature-dependent luminescence assigned to the near-infrared thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and phosphorescence. The emission wavelengths and Stokes shift increase systematically with the number of Sc atoms in the endohedral cluster, whereas the triplet state lifetime and S1-T1 gap decrease in this row. For Sc3N@C80, we also applied photoelectron spectroscopy to obtain the triplet state energy as well as the electron affinity. Spin distribution and dynamics in the triplet states are then studied by light-induced pulsed EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies. The spin-lattice relaxation times and triplet state lifetimes are determined from the temporal evolution of the electron spin echo after the laser pulse. Well resolved ENDOR spectra of triplets with a rich structure caused by the hyperfine and quadrupolar interactions with 14N, 45Sc, and 89Y nuclear spins are obtained. The systematic increase of the metal contribution to the triplet spin density from Y3N to Sc3N found in the ENDOR study points to a substantial fullerene-to-metal charge transfer in the excited state. These experimental results are rationalized with the help of ground-state and time-dependent DFT calculations, which revealed a substantial variation of the endohedral cluster position in the photoexcited states driven by the predisposition of Sc atoms to maximize their spin population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Radlinského 9 81237 Bratislava Slovakia .,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim (Ruhr) Germany
| | - Frank Ziegs
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Vasilii Dubrovin
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim (Ruhr) Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim (Ruhr) Germany.,Faculty of Physics, Technical University Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Shihu H M Deng
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
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