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Cai M, Zhang L, Zhang W, Lin Q, Luo S. Enantioselective Transformations by "1 + x" Synergistic Catalysis with Chiral Primary Amines. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1523-1537. [PMID: 38700481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusSynergistic catalysis is a powerful tool that involves two or more distinctive catalytic systems to activate reaction partners simultaneously, thereby expanding the reactivity space of individual catalysis. As an established catalytic strategy, organocatalysis has found numerous applications in enantioselective transformations under rather mild conditions. Recently, the introduction of other catalytic systems has significantly expanded the reaction space of typical organocatalysis. In this regard, aminocatalysis is a prototypical example of synergistic catalysis. The combination of aminocatalyst and transition metal could be traced back to the early days of organocatalysis and has now been well explored as an enabling catalytic strategy. Particularly, the acid-base properties of aminocatalysis can be significantly expanded to include usually electrophiles generated in situ via metal-catalyzed cycles. Later on, aminocatalyst has also been exploited in synergistically combining with photochemical and electrochemical processes to facilitate redox transformations. However, synergistically combining one type of aminocatalyst with many different catalytic systems remains a great challenge. One of the most daunting challenges is the compatibility of aminocatalysts in coexistence with other catalytic species. As nucleophilic species, aminocatalysts may also bind with metal, which leads to mutual inhibition or even quenching of the individual catalytic activity. In addition, oxidative stability of aminocatalyst is also a non-neglectable issue, which causes difficulties in exploring oxidative enamine transformations.In 2007, we developed a vicinal diamine type of chiral primary aminocatalysts. This class of primary aminocatalysts was developed and evolved as functional and mechanistic mimics to the natural aldolase and has been widely applied in a number of enamine/iminium ion-based transformations. By following a "1 + x" synergistic strategy, the chiral primary amine catalysts were found to work synergistically or cooperatively with a number of transition metal catalysts, such as Pd, Rh, Ag, Co, and Cu, or other organocatalysts, such as B(C6F5)3, ketone, selenium, and iodide. Photocatalysis and electrochemical processes can also be incorporated to work together with the chiral primary amine catalysts. The 1 + x catalytic strategy enabled us to execute unexploited transformations by fine-tuning the acid-base and redox properties of the enamine intermediates and to achieve effective reaction and stereocontrol beyond the reach individually. During these efforts, an unprecedented excited-state chemistry of enamine was uncovered to make possible an effective deracemization process. In this Account, we describe our recent efforts since 2015 in exploring synergistic chiral primary amine catalysis, and the content is categorized according to the type of synergistic partner such that in each section the developed synergistic catalysis, reaction scopes, and mechanistic features are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Cai
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qifeng Lin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Xiang H, He J, Qian W, Qiu M, Xu H, Duan W, Ouyang Y, Wang Y, Zhu C. Electroreductively Induced Radicals for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020857. [PMID: 36677915 PMCID: PMC9866059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry has attracted tremendous interest within the novel sustainable methodologies that have not only reduced the undesired byproducts, but also utilized cleaner and renewable energy sources. Particularly, oxidative electrochemistry has gained major attention. On the contrary, reductive electrolysis remains an underexplored research direction. In this context, we discuss advances in transition-metal-free cathodically generated radicals for selective organic transformations since 2016. We highlight the electroreductive reaction of alkyl radicals, aryl radicals, acyl radicals, silyl radicals, fluorosulfonyl radicals and trifluoromethoxyl radicals.
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Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Reibarkh M, Ji Y, Rodrigues VL, Wang H, Lam YH, Vickery TP, Armstrong BM, Mattern KA, Stone K, Wismer MK, Singh AN, Regalado EL, Maloney KM, Strotman NA. Kilo-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of a Thioether to a Sulfone: A Workflow for Scaling up Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas P. Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Keith A. Mattern
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering and Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew N. Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Zhong JS, Yu Y, Shi Z, Ye KY. An electrochemical perspective on the roles of ligands in the merger of transition-metal catalysis and electrochemistry. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A perspective on the roles of ligands in transition-metal catalysis under electrochemical conditions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Song Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Zhaojiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
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Abstract
An organocatalytic site-selective electrochemical method for the benzylic C–H amination of alkylarenes with azoles through hydrogen evolution has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiqiang Li
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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