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Sakata Y, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto M, Doken K, Kamezawa M, Yamaki S, Akine S. Non-threaded and rotaxane-type threaded wheel-axle assemblies consisting of dinickel(II) metallomacrocycle and dibenzylammonium axle. Commun Chem 2024; 7:166. [PMID: 39080496 PMCID: PMC11289445 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaxanes are typically prepared using covalent bonds to trap a wheel component onto an axle molecule, and rotaxane-type wheel-axle assembly using only noncovalent interactions has been far less explored. Here we show that a dinickel(II) metallomacrocycle forms two different types of wheel-axle assemblies with a dibenzylammonium axle molecule based only on noncovalent interactions. The non-threaded assembly was obtained by introduction of Ni2+ into the macrocycle before the complexation with the axle molecule (metal-first method). The non-threaded assembly was in rapid equilibrium with each of the components in solution. The threaded assembly was obtained by introduction of Ni2+ after the formation of a pseudorotaxane from the non-metalated wheel and the axle molecule (axle-first method). The threaded assembly was not in equilibrium with the dissociated species even though it was maintained only by noncovalent interactions. Thus, formation of one of the non-threaded and threaded wheel-axle assemblies over the other is governed by the assembly pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Misato Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Doken
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mayu Kamezawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Chaudhry MT, Patrick BO, Akine S, MacLachlan MJ. Noncooperative guest binding by metal-free [2 + 2] Schiff-base macrocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8259-8268. [PMID: 36222441 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01511k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salphen-based [n + n] macrocycles have been widely explored for their unique chemical and topological properties following metal ion coordination. Despite having vastly different reactivity than their coordinated counterparts, fewer studies have focused on metal-free salphen macrocycles. We investigated the binding of [2 + 2] Schiff-base macrocycle host 3, which contains a central 18-crown-6-like cavity and two N2O2 moieties. This macrocycle strongly binds to spherical cationic guests (K11 ≈ 103-104 M-1, DCM/MeCN). The most robust binding was shown for K+ and Na+, followed by Li+ and Rb+. More sterically demanding cationic guests like dibenzylammonium (DBA+) showed almost no binding. The binding pocket in 3 is slightly smaller than 18-crown-6, resulting in binding outside the cavity, which provides a scaffold appropriate for 2 : 1 complexes, where two host molecules sandwich the guest. All host-guest complexes follow a 2 : 1 noncooperative binding model, where each successive binding event is less likely than the previous, unlike coordinated versions of 3, where most binding is 1 : 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Grajewski J. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Nitrogen-Containing Macrocycles. Molecules 2022; 27:1004. [PMID: 35164269 PMCID: PMC8839354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds are versatile molecules. Supramolecular, noncovalent interactions of these macrocycles with guest molecules enables them to act as catalysts, fluorescent sensors, chiral or nonchiral selectors, or receptors of small molecules. In the solid state, they often display a propensity to form inclusion compounds. All of these properties are usually closely connected with the presence of nitrogen atoms in the macrocyclic ring. As most of the reviews published so far on macrocycles were written from the viewpoint of functional groups, synthetic methods, or the structure, search methods for literature reports in terms of the physicochemical properties of these compounds may be unobvious. In this minireview, the emphasis was put on the synthesis and applications of nitrogen-containing macrocyclic compounds, as they differ from their acyclic analogs, and at the same time are the driving force for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Grajewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Chaudhry MT, Ota S, Lelj F, MacLachlan MJ. Breathing Room: Restoring Free Rotation in a Schiff-Base Macrocycle through Endoperoxide Formation. Org Lett 2021; 23:9538-9542. [PMID: 34870998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclization is a popular method for preparing hosts, but it can have unintended effects, like limiting molecular free rotation to yield mixtures of inseparable isomers. We report a [3 + 3] Schiff-base macrocycle (1) with anthracene bridges. Restricted rotation about the phenyl-anthracene bonds leads 1 to exist as a mixture of conformations (1Cs and 1C3v). Macrocycle 1 was photooxidized to tris(endoperoxide) adduct 4, alleviating restricted rotation. These results were supported by spectroscopic, structural, and computational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Seiya Ota
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Francesco Lelj
- La.M.I. and LaSCAMM INSTM Sezione Basilicata, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicta, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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