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Nifant’ev IE, Korchagina SA, Chinova MS, Tavtorkin AN. Polyisobutylenes with Controlled Molecular Weight and Chain-End Structure: Synthesis and Actual Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3415. [PMID: 37631472 PMCID: PMC10460079 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of isobutylene allows us to obtain a wide spectrum of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) which differ in their molecular weight characteristics and the chemical structure of chain-end groups. The bulk of the PIBs manufactured worldwide are highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) with -C(Me)=CH2 end-groups and low-molecular weights (Mn < 5 kDa). HRPIBs are feedstocks that are in high demand in the manufacturing of additives for fuels and oils, adhesives, detergents, and other fine chemicals. In addition, HRPIBs and CMe2Cl-terminated PIBs are intensively studied with the aim of finding biomedical applications and for the purpose of developing new materials. Both chain control (molecular weight and dispersity) and chemoselectivity (formation of exo-olefinic or -CMe2Cl groups) should be achieved during polymerization. This review highlights the fundamental issues in the mechanisms of isobutylene polymerization and PIB analysis, examines actual catalytic approaches to PIBs, and describes recent studies on the functionalization and applications of HRPIBs and halogen-terminated PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.K.); (M.S.C.); (A.N.T.)
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Yu Z, Feng X, Zhao C, Li J, Liu R, Jin Y, Wu Y. Synthesis of linear and star-shaped telechelic polyisobutylene by cationic polymerization. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27380-27388. [PMID: 36275998 PMCID: PMC9513759 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04504d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyl-terminated linear and star-shaped telechelic polyisobutylene have been successfully synthesized by living cationic polymerization using propylene oxide (PO)/Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as the initiator system. A one-step method to prepare the terminal hydroxyl group was realized by selecting the cheap and beautiful epoxide as the functional initiator, which has the prospect of industrial application. The polymerization mechanism was proposed by the end structure analysis and Gaussian calculation results. At the same time, the living linear macromolecular chain was used as the starting point to react with divinyl compounds for synthesis of star-shaped hydroxyl-terminated polyisobutylene. The effects of initiator-crosslinking agent ratio, arm length, and reaction time on the coupling reaction were studied. Hydroxyl-terminated linear and star-shaped telechelic polyisobutylene have been successfully synthesized by living cationic polymerization using propylene oxide (PO)/Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as the initiator system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Yu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Xiaohu Feng
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Chenqi Zhao
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Ruofan Liu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yushun Jin
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
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Pásztói B, Trötschler TM, Szabó Á, Szarka G, Kerscher B, Mülhaupt R, Iván B. Synthesis of Tosyl- and Nosyl-Ended Polyisobutylenes with High Extent of Functionalities: The Effect of Reaction Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2504. [PMID: 33126434 PMCID: PMC7692378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endfunctional polymers possess significant industrial and scientific importance. Sulfonyl endgroups, such as tosyl and nosyl endfunctionalities, due their ease of substitution are highly desired for a variety of polymer structures. The sulfonylation of hydroxyl-terminated polyisobutylene (PIB-OH), a chemically and thermally stable, biocompatible, fully saturated polymer, with tosyl chloride (TsCl) and nosyl chloride (NsCl) is presented in this study. PIB-OHs derived from commercial exo-olefin-ended PIB (PIBexo-OH) and allyl-terminated polymer made via quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene (PIBall-OH) were tosylated and nosylated in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), pyridine and 1-methylimidazole (1-MI) catalysts and triethylamine (TEA). Our systematic investigations revealed that the end product distribution strongly depends on the relative amount of the components, especially that of TEA. While PIBexo-OTs with quantitative endfunctionality is readily formed from PIBexo-OH, its nosylation is not as straightforward. During sulfonylation of PIBall-OH, the formed tosyl and nosyl endgroups are easily substituted with chloride ions, formed in the first step of sulfonylation, leading to chloride termini. We found that decreased amounts of TEA afford the synthesis of PIBall-OTs and PIBall-ONs with higher than 90% endfunctionalities. These sulfonyl-ended PIBs open new ways for utilizing PIB in various fields and in the synthesis of novel PIB-containing macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Pásztói
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
- George Hevesy PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tobias M. Trötschler
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.T.); (B.K.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ákos Szabó
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Györgyi Szarka
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Benjamin Kerscher
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.T.); (B.K.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.M.T.); (B.K.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Béla Iván
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environment Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (G.S.)
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