Green pathway to a new fuel extender: continuous flow catalytic synthesis of butanol/butyl butyrate mixtures

Catalytic production and application of bio-renewable butyl butyrate as jet fuel blend- A review

Butyl butyrate (BB) derived from bio-renewable resources is the most promising jet fuel blend. This review highlights essential properties of jet fuel, including calorific value, kinematic viscosity, freezing point, flash point, auto-ignition temperature, and density to compare with different bio-renewable chemicals, which are compatible to be blended with the jet fuel. A detailed discussion follows on the importance of intermediate formation, reaction mechanism, and catalyst properties that are critical towards the production of bio-renewable resource-derived BB. BB is primarily produced via the esterification of butyric acid (BA) in butanol (BuOH) with or without using a catalyst. The corresponding reactions are carried out in both homogeneous and heterogeneous phases, provided it has acidic properties. Thus, a wide range of acidic catalysts such as [HSO₃-pmim] HSO₄ ionic liquids, heteropolyacid, methanesulfonic acid, Dowex 50 Wx8-400 resins, and sulfonated char causes up to 98%, 97.9%, 93.2%, 95.3%, and 90% of BB yield, respectively are critically reviewed. Moreover, reaction mechanism, product, and by-product formation that primarily dictate the BB yield and selectivity have been comprehensively reviewed. In addition, catalytic and mechanistic insights on BB production from other bio-renewable resources such as butyric anhydride, butyraldehyde, dibutyl ether, and methanol have been discussed in this review.