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Meechai T, Poonsawat T, Limchoowong N, Laksee S, Chumkaeo P, Tuanudom R, Yatsomboon A, Honghernsthit L, Somsook E, Sricharoen P. One-pot synthesis of iron oxide - Gamma irradiated chitosan modified SBA-15 mesoporous silica for effective methylene blue dye removal. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16178. [PMID: 37223700 PMCID: PMC10200858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of adsorption technology and the processing of radiation have both been influenced by chitosan adsorbent (γ-chitosan), a raw material with unique features. The goal of the current work was to improve the synthesis of Fe-SBA-15 utilizing chitosan that has undergone gamma radiation (Fe-γ-CS-SBA-15) in order to investigate the removal of methylene blue dye in a single hydrothermal procedure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), High angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), small- and wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize γ-CS-SBA-15 that had been exposed to Fe. By using N2-physisorption (BET, BJH), the structure of Fe-γ-CS-SBA-15 was investigated. The study parameters also included the effect of solution pH, adsorbent dose and contact time on the methylene blue adsorption. The elimination efficiency of the methylene blue dye was compiled using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results of the characterization show that the Fe-γ-CS-SBA-15 has a substantial pore volume of 504 m2 g-1 and a surface area of 0.88 cm3 g-1. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of the methylene blue is 176.70 mg/g. The γ-CS can make SBA-15 operate better. It proves that the distribution of Fe and chitosan (the C and N components) in SBA-15 channels is uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titiya Meechai
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Thinnaphat Poonsawat
- NANOCAST Laboratory, Center for Catalysis Science and Technology (CAST), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nunticha Limchoowong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Sakchai Laksee
- Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Peerapong Chumkaeo
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Ranida Tuanudom
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Artitaya Yatsomboon
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Lalita Honghernsthit
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
| | - Ekasith Somsook
- NANOCAST Laboratory, Center for Catalysis Science and Technology (CAST), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phitchan Sricharoen
- Department of Premedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok 10170, Thailand
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Advancements in Clay Materials for Trace Level Determination and Remediation of Phenols from Wastewater: A Review. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide spread of phenols and their toxicity in the environment pose a severe threat to the existence and sustainability of living organisms. Rapid detection of these pollutants in wastewaters has attracted the attention of researchers from various fields of environmental science and engineering. Discoveries regarding materials and method developments are deemed necessary for the effective detection and remediation of wastewater. Although various advanced materials such as organic and inorganic materials have been developed, secondary pollution due to material leaching has become a major concern. Therefore, a natural-based material is preferable. Clay is one of the potential natural-based sorbents for the detection and remediation of phenols. It has a high porosity and polarity, good mechanical strength, moisture resistance, chemical and thermal stability, and cation exchange capacity, which will benefit the detection and adsorptive removal of phenols. Several attempts have been made to improve the capabilities of natural clay as sorbent. This manuscript will discuss the potential of clays as sorbents for the remediation of phenols. The activation, modification, and application of clays have been discussed. The achievements, challenges, and concluding remarks were provided.
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Mango Seed-Derived Hybrid Composites and Sodium Alginate Beads for the Efficient Uptake of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol from Simulated Wastewater. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12090972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, mango seed shell (MS)-based hybrid composite and composite beads (FeCl3-NaBH4/MS and Na-Alginate/MS) were designed. Batch and column experimental analyses were performed for the uptake of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) from wastewater. The physicochemical characteristics of both composites were also examined. From the batch adsorption experiments, the best adsorption capacities of 28.77 mg/g and 27.42 mg/g were observed in basic media (pH 9–10) at 308 K for FeCl3-NaBH4/MS and 333 K for Na-Alginate/MS with 25 mg/L of 2,4,6-TCP concentration for 120 min. The rate of reaction was satisfactorily followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equilibrium models revealed that the mechanism of reaction followed the Langmuir isotherm. The thermodynamic study also indicated that the nature of the reaction was exothermic and spontaneous with both adsorbents. Desorption experiments were also carried out to investigate the reliability and reusability of the composites. Furthermore, the efficiency of the adsorbents was checked in the presence of different electrolytes and heavy metals. From the batch experimental study, the FeCl3-NaBH4/MS composite proved to be the best adsorbent for the removal of the 2,4,6-TCP pollutant, hence it is further selected for fixed-bed column experimentation. The column study data were analyzed using the BDST and Thomas models and the as-selected FeCl3-NaBH4/MS hybrid composites showed satisfactory results for the fixed-bed adsorption of the 2,4,6-TPC contaminants.
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Zhang M, Ramya G, Brindhadevi K, Elfasakhany A, Khalifa AS, Xia C, Manigandan S, Pugazhendhi A. Comparison of cracking activity of the core-shell composite MCM-41/HY & MCM-48/HY catalysts in the synthesis of organic liquid fuel from Mahua oil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112474. [PMID: 34863683 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A synergistic catalyst was architectured using the hydrothermal crystallization method. Mesoporous material with pore diameter less than 20 nm was grown on the microporous Zeolite HY. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, ICP-OES, BET, TPD, SEM and TEM techniques. The SEM picture portrayed excellent core - shell morphology and TEM analysis corresponded to the XRD reports. Mahua oil was cracked in a pilot scale reactor over the synthesized catalysts at an optimized reaction condition (Temperature: 400 οC; WHSV: 4.6 h-1). The gaseous and liquid products of reaction were analyzed by Residual Gas analyzer and GCMS respectively. The NMR spectral analysis of fuel showed low traces of aromatics. The produced fuel was analyzed for its significant properties like calorific value, fire point, flash point and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Ganesan Ramya
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's Institute of Technology, Chennai, 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Ashraf Elfasakhany
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Salah Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
| | - S Manigandan
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Tamang M, Paul KK. Adsorptive treatment of phenol from aqueous solution using chitosan/calcined eggshell adsorbent: Optimization of preparation process using Taguchi statistical analysis. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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El-Denglawey A, Mubarak MF, Selim H. Tertiary Nanocomposites of Metakaolinite/Fe3O4/SBA-15 Nanocomposite for the Heavy Metal Adsorption: Isotherm and Kinetic Study. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kalita S, Das DK. Rosaniline Hydrochloride Encapsulated MCM-48: Fluorescent and Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine. J Fluoresc 2021; 32:235-245. [PMID: 34713364 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dye Rosaniline hydrochloride (RANH) has been successfully incorporated in MCM-48 (designated as RANH@MCM-48) and characterized by various spectroscopic methods including FT-IR, SEM, EDX and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm. RANH@MCM-48 in aqueous medium acts as fluorescence "on" sensor for neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in presence of its main biological interfering agent ascorbic acid or vitamin c (AA) along with Glucose, Cholesterol and Uric acid (UA). The limits of detection (LOD) were found to be 65 nM and 51 nM respectively in absence and in presence of AA. The interaction of DA to RANH@MCM-48 is found to be reversible with respect to EDTA2-. The fluorescence intensity vs. pH plot shows a narrow fluorescence window of 7.2 to 8.8. RANH@MCM-48 has been successfully applied for DA detection in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACF) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) with LOD values 27 nM and 22.5 nM respectively. Platinum disc electrode has been modified with RANH@MCM-48 which showed distinct oxidation peaks with a separation of 0.188 V in cyclic voltammetry (CV). The LOD for DA in presence of AA determined from oxidation current is 77.5 nM. The voltammetric detection of DA is found to be free from common interfering species Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, UA, Cholesterol and Glucose. RANH@MCM-48 has been found to be a very effective fluorescence and voltammetric sensor for DA with very low LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarojmoni Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781 014, India
| | - Diganta Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781 014, India.
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El Shahawy A, Ahmed IA, Wagdy R, Ragab AH, Shalaby NH. Phragmites australis (Reed) as an Efficient, Eco-Friendly Adsorbent for Brackish Water Pre-Treatment in Reverse Osmosis: A Kinetic Study. Molecules 2021; 26:6016. [PMID: 34641560 PMCID: PMC8512057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cost-effective adsorbent was prepared by carbonization of pre-treated Phragmites australis reed at 500 °C. Phragmites australis was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analyses. XRD of the as-prepared adsorbent exhibited a partially crystalline structure with a specific surface area of 211.6 m2/g and an average pore diameter of 4.2 nm. The biosorption potential of novel biosorbent Phragmites australis reed was investigated with a batch scale and continuous flow study. The study was conducted at different constraints to obtain optimum pH conditions, adsorbent dose, contact time, agitation speed, and initial TDS concentration. In order to analyze the properties of the procedure and determine the amount of sodium removal, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were tested. The optimal values of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose were found to be 150 min, 4, and 10 g/L, respectively, with an agitation speed of 300 rpm at room temperature (27 °C). The three tested isotherms show that the adsorption of Na+ onto the prepared adsorbent is a hybrid process from physi- and chemisorption. For industrial application, the adsorbent was tested using the adsorbent column technique. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and diffusion models were connected, and it was discovered that the information fit best to the pseudo-second-arrange active model. According to the intraparticle diffusion model, the mechanism goes through four stages before reaching equilibrium. The periodicity test shows that the adsorption ability of Phragmites australis can be recovered by washing with 0.1 M HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer El Shahawy
- Abeer El Shahawy, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Inas A. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62224, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
| | - Rabab Wagdy
- Rabab Wagdy, Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed H. Ragab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62224, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
| | - Nasser H. Shalaby
- Nasser H.Shalaby, Egyptian Petroleum Research Research Institute (EPRI) Cairo, Cairo 11727, Egypt;
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Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as powerful sorbents and stationary phases for the extraction and chromatographic applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Men J, Shi H, Dong C, Yang Y, Han Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Li J. Preparation of poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) grafted magnetic chitosan microspheres for adsorption of cationic dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:810-823. [PMID: 33865891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel adsorbent with high adsorption capacity to remove cationic dyes was synthesized. Sodium 4-styrene sulfonate (SSS) was grafted polymerization on the surface of magnetic chitosan microspheres via -NH2/S2O82- surface initiating system, obtaining MCS-g-PSSS microspheres. The grafted microsphere was characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, vibration sample magnetometer and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Cationic dyes were adsorbed by MCS-g-PSSS and methylene blue(MB) was acted as a typical example. The adsorption performance was explored by varying experimental conditions. The results showed the maximal adsorption capacity was 989 mg/g at pH 1 at 25 °C. The pseudo-second order model was found to be applicable for the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption capacity increased with rising temperature and it decreased owing to adding of ions. The adsorption isotherms were the best fitted by Langmuir. MCS-g-PSSS for MB showed high adsorption capacity due to the strong electrostatic interactions and π-π stacking, which was explained by FTIR and XPS and was verified by DFT calculations. The degree of adsorption spontaneity increased with rising the temperature. The grafted MCS-g-PSSS microspheres had high adsorption capacity for various kinds of cationic dyes and excellent for remove MB in the aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Men
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China.
| | - Hongxing Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Chengya Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yuanrui Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Shanxi Xinhua Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China.
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Feng S, Du X, Bat-Amgalan M, Zhang H, Miyamoto N, Kano N. Adsorption of REEs from Aqueous Solution by EDTA-Chitosan Modified with Zeolite Imidazole Framework (ZIF-8). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3447. [PMID: 33810580 PMCID: PMC8038009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) modified with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was further modified with the zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-8) by in situ growth method and was employed as adsorbent for the removal of rare-earth elements (REEs). The material (EDTA-CS@ZIF-8) and ZIF-8 and CS were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments (N2- Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET)). The effects of adsorbent dosage, temperature, the pH of the aqueous solution, contact time on the adsorption of REEs (La(III), Eu(III), and Yb(III)) by EDTA-CS@ZIF-8 were studied. Typical adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)) were determined for the adsorption process, and the maximal adsorption capacity was estimated as 256.4 mg g-1 for La(III), 270.3 mg g-1 for Eu(III), and 294.1 mg g-1 for Yb(III). The adsorption kinetics results were consistent with the pseudo-second-order equation, indicating that the adsorption process was mainly chemical adsorption. The influence of competing ions on REE adsorption was also investigated. After multiple cycles of adsorption/desorption behavior, EDTA-CS@ZIF-8 still maintained high adsorption capacity for REEs. As a result, EDTA-CS@ZIF-8 possessed good adsorption properties such as stability and reusability, which have potential application in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Feng
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (S.F.); (X.D.); (M.B.-A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (S.F.); (X.D.); (M.B.-A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Munkhpurev Bat-Amgalan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (S.F.); (X.D.); (M.B.-A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haixin Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (S.F.); (X.D.); (M.B.-A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Naoto Miyamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Naoki Kano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
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An Overview and Evaluation of Highly Porous Adsorbent Materials for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phenols Removal from Wastewater. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds had been widely recognized as priority organic pollutants in wastewater with toxic effects on both plants and animals. Thus, the remediation of these pollutants has been an active area of research in the field of environmental science and engineering. This review highlighted the advantage of adsorption technology in the removal of PAHs and phenols in wastewater. The literature presented on the applications of various porous carbon materials such as biochar, activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene as potential adsorbents for these pollutants has been critically reviewed and analyzed. Under similar conditions, the use of porous polymers such as Chitosan and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been well presented. The high adsorption capacities of advanced porous materials such as mesoporous silica and metal-organic frameworks have been considered and evaluated. The preference of these materials, higher adsorption efficiencies, mechanism of adsorptions, and possible challenges have been discussed. Recommendations have been proposed for commercialization, pilot, and industrial-scale applications of the studied adsorbents towards persistent organic pollutants (POPs) removal from wastewater.
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