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3An Electrochemical Conducting Polymer-based Biosensor for Leukocyte Esterase and Nitrite Detection for Diagnosing Urinary Tract Infections: A Pilot Study. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hwang C, Lee WJ, Kim SD, Park S, Kim JH. Recent Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Point-of-Care Urinalysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111020. [PMID: 36421138 PMCID: PMC9688579 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human urine samples are non-invasive, readily available, and contain several components that can provide useful indicators of the health status of patients. Hence, urine is a desirable and important template to aid in the diagnosis of common clinical conditions. Conventional methods such as dipstick tests, urine culture, and urine microscopy are commonly used for urinalysis. Among them, the dipstick test is undoubtedly the most popular owing to its ease of use, low cost, and quick response. Despite these advantages, the dipstick test has limitations in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, reusability, and quantitative evaluation of diseases. Various biosensor technologies give it the potential for being developed into point-of-care (POC) applications by overcoming these limitations of the dipstick test. Here, we present a review of the biosensor technologies available to identify urine-based biomarkers that are typically detected by the dipstick test and discuss the present limitations and challenges that future development for their translation into POC applications for urinalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuljin Hwang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-June Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Su Dong Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Leading Convergence of Healthcare and Medicine, Institute of Science & Technology (ALCHeMIST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Pan SW, Lu HC, Lo JI, Ho LI, Tseng TR, Ho ML, Cheng BM. Using an ATR-FTIR Technique to Detect Pathogens in Patients with Urinary Tract Infections: A Pilot Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22103638. [PMID: 35632048 PMCID: PMC9147530 DOI: 10.3390/s22103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a leading hospital-acquired infection. Although timely detection of causative pathogens of UTIs is important, rapid and accurate measures assisting UTI diagnosis and bacterial determination are poorly developed. By reading infrared spectra of urine samples, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) may help detect urine compounds, but its role in UTI diagnosis remains uncertain. In this pilot study, we proposed a characterization method in attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectra to evaluate urine samples and assessed the correlation between ATR-FTIR patterns, UTI diagnosis, and causative pathogens. We enrolled patients with a catheter-associated UTI in a subacute-care unit and non-UTI controls (total n = 18), and used urine culture to confirm the causative pathogens of the UTIs. In the ATR-FTIR analysis, the spectral variation between the UTI group and non-UTI, as well as that between various pathogens, was found in a range of 1800-900 cm-1, referring to the presence of specific constituents of the bacterial cell wall. The results indicated that the relative ratios between different area zones of vibration, as well as multivariate analysis, can be used as a clue to discriminate between UTI and non-UTI, as well as different causative pathogens of UTIs. This warrants a further large-scale study to validate the findings of this pilot research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (L.-I.H.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 12304, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chi Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 97002, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Jen-Iu Lo
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 97002, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Li-Ing Ho
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (L.-I.H.)
| | - Ton-Rong Tseng
- Mastek Technologies, Inc., 4F-4, No. 13, Wuquan 1st Rd., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 24892, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Lin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No. 70, LinShih Rd., Shih-Lin, Taipei 11102, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ming Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 97002, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (J.-I.L.)
- Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, No. 880, Sec. 2, Chien-kuo Rd., Hualien City 97005, Taiwan
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Hasandka A, Singh AR, Prabhu A, Singhal HR, Nandagopal MSG, Mani NK. Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:847-865. [PMID: 34668042 PMCID: PMC8724062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material's portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Hasandka
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ankita Ramchandran Singh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anusha Prabhu
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Hardik Ramesh Singhal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - M S Giri Nandagopal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Tseng WT, Tseng HY, Chou YY, Wang YC, Tseng TN, Ho LI, Pan SW, Ho ML. Quantitative urinary tract infection diagnosis of leukocyte esterase with a microfluidic paper-based device. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9417-9425. [PMID: 34132300 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte esterase (LE) is a useful marker that can be used in establishing a diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The development of a UTI diagnostic method with quantitative determinations of biomarkers across all age groups is becoming more important. In this report, microfluidic resistance sensors based on silver ink (Ag ink) and silver ink mixed with ZnO nanoparticles (Ag-ZnO ink) were synthesized and coated on cellulose paper, namely LE-Ag-μPADs and LE-Ag-ZnO-μPADs, respectively, for the sensitive detection of LE. The microfluidic design increases the precision of data and further allows for quantitative determination and early detection of LE in human urine. The quantification of LE relies on the change in the resistance readout coating with Ag ink as well as Ag-ZnO ink in the detection zone. A mixture of 3-(N-tosyl-l-alaninyloxy)-5-phenylpyrrole (PE) and 1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (DAS) was deposited in the sample zone to selectively recognize LE, and the resulting nonconductive products, i.e., azo compounds, further reacted with the Ag ink and Ag-ZnO ink to increase resistance. The quantitative detectable LE concentrations between 2 to 32 (×5.2 U mL-1), i.e. ≈12 to 108 μg L-1, cover the commercial dipstick range of trace, +1 and +2. The minimum detectable concentration of LE in urine was 1 (×5.2 U mL-1). The lower concentrations of LE detectable by LE-Ag-μPADs (1-8 × 5.2 U mL-1) are below the value achieved with the ELISA LE kit. Urine samples from inpatients with indwelling urinary catheters were used, and the LE levels measured by the present device were highly correlated with those determined by a commercial urine analyser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Yu Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Tz-Ning Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ing Ho
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan. and School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan. and School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
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Qindeel M, Barani M, Rahdar A, Arshad R, Cucchiarini M. Nanomaterials for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:546. [PMID: 33671511 PMCID: PMC7926703 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain challenging due to the lack of convenient assessment techniques and to the resistance to conventional antimicrobial therapy, showing the need for novel approaches to address such problems. In this regard, nanotechnology has a strong potential for both the diagnosis and therapy of UTIs via controlled delivery of antimicrobials upon stable, effective and sustained drug release. On one side, nanoscience allowed the production of various nanomaterial-based evaluation tools as precise, effective, and rapid procedures for the identification of UTIs. On the other side, nanotechnology brought tremendous breakthroughs for the treatment of UTIs based on the use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) for instance, owing to the antimicrobial properties of metals, or of surface-tailored nanocarriers, allowing to overcome multidrug-resistance and prevent biofilm formation via targeted drug delivery to desired sites of action and preventing the development of cytotoxic processes in healthy cells. The goal of the current study is therefore to present the newest developments for the diagnosis and treatment of UTIs based on nanotechnology procedures in relation to the currently available techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimoona Qindeel
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (M.Q.); (R.A.)
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (M.Q.); (R.A.)
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg. 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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